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Major Psychological Theories

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Major Psychological Theories

Understanding the theoretical foundations, influential theorists, and demarcation of the three major movements of psychology is essential to having a fundamental knowledge of the discipline. Psychoanalysis; behaviorism; and humanistic, transpersonal, and existential psychology (HTE) are recognized as the three primary movements of psychology.  As such, they provide a rich history of human science and form the basis for understanding human experience and the human condition as a whole. In this assignment, you will address this history, synthesize the theories, and consider applications of the theories.

 

General Requirements:

  • To foster retention of foundational theories in psychology, this assignment requires the incorporation of information from this course and previous courses regarding psychological theories and their applications. Refer to PSY-802, Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Theory and PSY-803, Behaviorism to assist with this assignment.
  • This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
  • Doctoral learners are required to use APA style for their writing assignments. The APA Style Guide is located in the Student Success Center.
  • This assignment requires that at least ten scholarly research sources related to this topic, and at least one in-text citation from each source be included. Scholarly works encountered in prior doctoral courses may be used in this assignment

Major Psychological Theories

Directions:

Write a paper (2,250-2,500 words) that demonstrates your understanding of the primary movements in psychology – psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanistic, transpersonal, and existential psychology (HTE). Your paper should provide a historical perspective for each of the movements, showcase your understanding of the key components of each, and suggest a synthesis and application of the theories. Include the following in your paper:

  1. An overall historical context of all three movements. (Benchmarks C.1.1:  Discuss the history and development of the theories of Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism, and   Humanistic/Transpersonal/Existential (HTE) Psychology)
  2. A rationale for why each movement is/was considered essential to understanding human behavior and experiences.
  3. An analysis of psychoanalysis/psychodynamic theory. What were the primary tenets and perspectives of the theories? Who were the key theorists? How did their work lead them to new ideas including Neo-Freudianism?
  4. An analysis of behaviorism. What were the theoretical underpinnings of the movement? What were the primary tenets and concepts of the movement? Why were these tenets and concepts important? Who were the key theorists?
  5. An analysis of humanistic, transpersonal, and existential psychology (HTE). From what cultural and historical contexts did the movement emerge? What were the primary tenets and concepts of the movement? Why were these tenets and concepts important? How do these tenets and concepts differ across the movement? Who were the key theorists?
  6. A synthesis of these movements. How did these movements enhance the understanding of human behavior, growth, and potential? (Benchmarks C.1.2:  Synthesize the theories of Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism, and HTE Psychology)
  7. An evaluation of the applications of the theories that were the basis for each of these movements. To what extent has the application of these theories enhanced treatments in mental health and the helping professions? (Benchmarks C.1.3:  Evaluate the common applications of Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism, and HTE Psychology)
  8. A statement of next steps. What comes next in the development of psychological approaches to understanding human behavior and experience

 

SAMPLE ANSWER

Major Psychological Movements

Introduction

When psychology initially emerged as a separate science from philosophy and biology, a debate emerged over how to analyze and explain the human mind and behavior. Prior to the 19th century, anyone interested in analyzing the human mind would do so in a philosophical context. However, two men, Wilhelm Wundt and William James, working at this time defied the rules of human physiology to introduce a new field of science referred to as psychology. Over the years, psychology has evolved into several approaches and theories. There may be multiple theories within a specific approach but all share common assumptions and beliefs about human behavior (McLeod, 2014). There are several different psychological perspectives that introduce something different to the understanding of the human mind and behavior. Among the many psychological approaches there are three primary movements in psychology. They include; the theories of psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanistic, transpersonal theory and existential psychology. This paper will provide a historical analysis of psychology and its approaches, it will also synthesize the three primary movements in psychology and lastly, the paper will present the applications of the theories.

Historical Context of the Primary Movements in Psychology

Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism and Humanistic

Behaviorism is a psychological approach that uses scientific methods to investigate stimulus-response behaviors. According to behaviorism, behaviors are acquired through a series of interactions with the environment (Krapfl, 2016).  Early work in behavior psychology begun in 1913 and was championed by John Watson and his article ‘Psychology as the behaviorist views it’. In the article, Watson presented several basic assumptions about behaviorism. Watson claimed that the environment plays a major role in influencing behavior. Additionally, behaviorism focuses on observable behavior and not on internal events. A few years before Watson’s article, Ivan Pavlov carried out an experiment on conditioning after studying digestion in dogs. In 1897, Pavlov published his findings. A few years after Watson’s article, B.F Skinner founded radical behaviorism which claimed that psychology should neither predict nor control behavior (McLeod, 2017). Skinner, like Watson, recognized that internal mental events can be explained in the analysis of behavior. Skinner in 1948 published ‘Walden Two’ where he proposes the development of a Utopian society rooted in the principles of behaviorism. Later on in 1971, Skinner published Beyond Freedom and Dignity where he notes that free will is an illusion. In addition to the work done by Pavlov, Watson and Skinner, other behavioral psychologists have expounded on the idea of behaviorism by publishing books and writing articles. Clark Hull published the principles of Behavior in 1943 (McLeod, 2017). Overall behaviorism states that behavior is simply a stimulus-response feature.

Major Psychological Theories

Owing its origin to the works and theories of Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis is a set of therapeutic techniques and psychological theories whose core idea is the belief that human beings have feelings, desires, thoughts and memories (Wachtel, 2014). By introducing the contents of the unconscious mind into the consciousness, individuals are able to experience catharsis and thus become aware of their current state of mind. Therefore, people find relief from distress and any form of psychological disturbance (Wachtel, 2014). Freud (1856-1939) an Australian neurologist was fascinated by patients with hysteria and neurosis. After observing these patients, Freud theorized that the hysteria arose from the patient’s conscious mind. Based on his observations, he developed psychoanalytical therapy and published his findings in his book A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis in 1922 (Lees, 2008). Gestalt psychology principles were introduced in the United States by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler who were German psychologists immigrating into the United States. According to Gestalt principles, sensory experiences can be broken down into different parts where the parts relate to each other forming a whole. Unlike behaviorism, psychoanalysis is more concerned with understanding inner experiences and how these experiences affect the individual.

Major Psychological Theories

While behaviorism focuses on stimulus-response interactions and psychoanalysis on the effects of the unconscious mind on the conscious mind, humanistic psychology emphasizes on looking at an individual as a free and self-efficient being. Additionally, humanistic psychology helps people maximize their potential and their well-being (Serlin, 2014). This approach emerged in the 1950s as a response to behaviorism and psychoanalysis which had dominated the field of psychology at the time. Carl Rogers, a psychologist was interested in understanding everything that helped humans grow, improve and thrive. According to Rogers, psychology was designed to help people live their best lives and achieve happiness (Serlin, 2014). It was this belief that motivated psychologist Abraham Maslow to develop the hierarchy of human needs. In the late 1950s, Maslow and other humanistic psychologists begun to grow the humanistic approach which focused on creativity, individualism, self actualization and personal fulfillment. In line with these objectives, the American Association for Humanistic Psychology was developed in 1961. The following year, Maslow published Toward a Psychology of Being which highlights the third force in psychology. In 1971, humanistic psychology was introduced as a unique division of the American Psychological Association (Serlin, 2014). The humanistic approach has provided unique perspectives on the way human behavior is understood.

Major Psychological Theories

Transpersonal Psychology

Transpersonal psychology is a field in psychology focused on the spiritual aspects of human life. Transpersonal psychology was initially introduced in 1960 by Abraham Maslow and Victor Frankl. In 1969, the journal of transpersonal psychology was published. Two years later, the association for transpersonal psychology was founded. Additionally, in 1978 the international transpersonal association was created to promote education and research in the field of transpersonal psychology (Stanislav, 2008).  While transpersonal psychology did not formally begin until the 1960s, it owes its roots to the works of psychologists William James and Carl Jung. In addition to applying the principles of psychology to understand spiritual matters, transpersonal psychology provides a richer appreciation and understanding of human beings and strives to help them attain their maximum potential.

Major Psychological Theories

Existential psychology

Existential psychology is a branch of psychology that analyses the way in which people understand the basic concepts of human existence (Koole, 2011). Existential psychology was developed in the early 20th century to reflect on the principles of philosophical anthropology and psychoanalysis. Existential psychology is mainly based on the works of Martin Heidegger’s “Being and Time”. Since its introduction, existential psychology has been closely linked to philosophy since it is majorly based on some aspects of psychological theory of personality and the philosophical understanding of human beings (Tan & Wong, 2012). This form of therapy was developed from the ideas of Friedrich Nietzsche and Soren Kierkegaard. Philosopher Kierkegaard theorized that human internal wisdom can overcome human discontent. Nietzsche on the other hand, developed the principles of existentialism by introducing the concepts of personal responsibility and free will. In the early 1990s, Jean-Paul Sartre explored the role of interpretation in the healing process. Otto Rank actively pursued this filed and was latter joined by Paul Tillich and Rollo May who introduced existential therapy in their writings (“History of Existential Therapy”, 2015). Later on, Viktor Frankl developed logotherapy while other psychologists ventured into humanistic psychology (Koole, 2011). Existential psychology focuses on the underlying factors associated with behavior while also addressing mental health concerns.

Major Psychological Theories

Analysis of Psychoanalysis Theory

Psychoanalytic psychologists believe that psychological problems are located in the mind. Thus, when these symptoms manifest, they are often caused by hidden disturbances. Some of the hidden disturbances include unresolved issues that mainly occur during the development stage or as a result of repressed trauma (Sousa, 2011). According to psychoanalysis, treatment should focus on bringing forward repressed trauma to the conscious mind so that the individual can deal with it. Psychologists use psychoanalysis to treat anxiety disorders and depression. Due to the intricate defense mechanisms and the inaccessibility of the unconscious mind, psychoanalysis is a lengthy process. The theory assumes that when symptoms are reduced they make little to no difference in the wellness of the patient as long as the underlying conflicts are not resolved (Sousa, 2011). Some of the techniques used in psychoanalysis include Rorschach ink blots, Freudian slip and free association. Sigmund Freud had many ideas that were controversial. However, Freud attracted several followers who adopted many of his views but changed several aspects of the theory by incorporating their own ideas, opinions and beliefs. Neo-Freudian psychologist Carl Jung developed the theory of personality and introduced the concept of collective unconscious. Alfred Adler heavily disagreed with Freud’s statement that sex was the primary motivator of human behavior. As such he designed his own approach that placed greater emphasis on interpersonal and social influences. Erik Erikson disagreed with Freud’s beliefs that personality was cemented in early childhood. Erikson believed that development was a life-long journey (Sousa, 2011). Additionally, Erikson noted that not all conflicts were unconscious. Karen Horney was the first woman to receive training in psychoanalysis. She was also the first one to criticize Freud for presenting women as lesser beings to men. Both Freudian and neo-Freudian principles played an intricate role in shaping the field of psychology.

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Analysis of Behaviorism

Behavior analysis is a science-based approach that utilizes the principles of behaviorism. Behavior analysis is a behaviorist tradition that utilizes learning principles and investigates how they are used to bring about change in behavior. Behavioral psychology does not focus on mentalistic causes of behavior but analyzes the behavior itself (O’Neil, 2008). Behavior analysis builds the abilities in children and adults increasing their academic performance or employee performance. According to division 25 of the American Psychological Division, behavior analysis occurs through experiments and investigations of behavior and through applied behavior analysis. Behaviorism was established by Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner (O’Neil, 2008). While conducting investigations on dogs, Pavlov noticed the occurrence of conditioning reflex. He used his findings to establish classical conditioning. According to classical conditioning, environmental stimuli can stimulate a conditioned response. Watson expounded on Pavlov’s theory and applied it to understanding human behavior. Skinner further expounded on these concepts and introduced operant conditioning. According to Skinner, reinforcements result in desired behavior. There are several techniques and strategies used by behavior analysts (O’Neil, 2008). They include; chaining, prompting and shaping. Chaining is a behavior technique that involves breaking down a task into smaller parts. The simplest tasks are then selected and are taught first. Prompting is the use of prompts to trigger desired responses. Lastly, shaping strategies involve the process of gradually altering behavior. Behavior analysis has been used to help children with autism or children with developmental delays better control their behavior.

Major Psychological Theories

Analysis of Humanistic, transpersonal and Existential (HTE) Psychology

Transpersonal psychology has implicit metaphysical assumptions that there are experiences that transcend human experiences. This concept has been backed by transpersonal theorists like Abraham Maslow, Ken Wilber, Michael Washburn and Stansilov Krippner. Both existential and transpersonal psychology share one thing in common; both of them believe in the human potential and are committed to upholding human dignity. In the 1950s, the two most dominant schools of thought were behaviorist and psychoanalytic. Many psychologists criticized these beliefs and in response, embraced the humanistic approach. Humanistic psychology theorizes that a person’s subjective experience is crucial in behavior (Bland & Derobertis, 2007). Additionally, humanistic psychology believes that every person has free will and people naturally strive to maintain a state of self actualization (Bland & Derobertis, 2007). Transpersonal psychology introduces new concepts in the field of psychology. Transpersonal psychology includes the influences of spiritual experiences and acknowledges that they is a higher purpose. Transpersonal psychology highly emphasizes on relationships and strives to understand how the mind works based on the person’s relationships with others (Friedman, 2014). Existential psychology believes that man has free will and is self aware, human beings are self-actualizing and have a great capacity to grow, and lastly, individuals and their self-identity. Existential psychology is unique in that it has acknowledged that humans have limitations. Existential psychology analyzes human condition but takes a positive approach towards it.

Major Psychological Theories

In conclusion, there is no right way to study the way people think or act. However, there are several schools of thought that have evolved in the development of psychology and have advised psychologist on the human behavior investigated. Some of the main schools include; psychoanalysis, behaviorism and humanist, transpersonal and existential psychology. Some psychologists focus on specific schools of thought including the biological perspective while other psychologists take a different approach where they incorporate new approaches. Overall, as the paper has shown, no perspective is better than the other; each perspective simply highlights different aspects of human behavior.

 

References

Bland, A.M. & Derobertis, E.M. (2017). The Humanistic Perspective in Psychology. Researchgate, Doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1484-2

Friedman, H., (2014). Finding Meaning Through Transpersonal Approaches in Clinical Psychology: Assessments and Psychotherapies. International Journal of Existential Psychology and Psychotherapy, 5(1), 45-49.

“History of Existential Therapy”. (2015). East European Association for Existential Therapy. Retrieved from http://www.existentialtherapy.eu/history-of-existential-therapy/

Krapfl, J.E. (2016). Behaviorism and Society. The Behavior Analyst: Association for Behavior Analysis International, 39(1), 123-129. Doi: 10.1007/s40614-016-0063-8

Koole, S.L. (2011). Existential Psychology. Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Doi: 10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0329

Lees, J. (2008). A History of Psychoanalytic Research. Journal of Psychodynamic Practice: Individuals, Groups and Organizations, 11(2), 117-131. Doi: 10.1080/14753630500108042

McLeod, SA. (2014). Psychology Perspectives. Simply Psychology. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/perspective.html

McLeod, SA. (2017). Behaviorist Approach. Simply Psychology. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/behaviorism.html

O’Neil, W. M. (2008). American Behaviorism: A Historical and Critical Analysis. SAGE Journals Theory & Psychology, Doi: 10.1177/0959354395052008

Serlin, I.A. (2014). The History and Future of Humanistic Psychology. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 51(4), 428-431. Doi: 10.1177/0022167811412600

Stanislav, G. (2008). Brief History of Transpersonal Psychology. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 27(1). Doi: 10.24972/ijts.2008.27.1.46

Sousa, A. (2011). Freudian Theory and Consciousness: A Conceptual Analysis. Mens Sana Monographs, 9(1), 210-217. Doi: 10.4103/0973-1229.77437

Tan, S. & Wong, T.K. (2012). Existential Therapy: Empirical Evidence and Clinical Applications from a Christian Perspective. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 31(3).

Wachtel, P.L. (2014). Psychoanalysis and its Social Context. Psychoanalytic Perspectives, 11(1), 58-68. Doi: 10.1080/1551806X.2014.857991

 

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Literature Review: The Use of Clinical Systems

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Literature Review: The Use of Clinical Systems

Assignment: Literature Review: The Use of Clinical Systems to Improve Outcomes and Efficiencies

New technology—and the application of existing technology—only appears in healthcare settings after careful and significant research. The stakes are high, and new clinical systems need to offer evidence of positive impact on outcomes or efficiencies.

Nurse informaticists and healthcare leaders formulate clinical system strategies. As these strategies are often based on technology trends, informaticists and others have then benefited from consulting existing research to inform their thinking.

In this Assignment, you will review existing research focused on the application of clinical systems. After reviewing, you will summarize your findings.

To Prepare:

  • Review the Resources and reflect on the impact of clinical systems on outcomes and efficiencies within the context of nursing practice and healthcare delivery.
  • Conduct a search for recent (within the last 5 years) research focused on the application of clinical systems. The research should provide evidence to support the use of one type of clinical system to improve outcomes and/or efficiencies, such as “the use of personal health records or portals to support patients newly diagnosed with diabetes.”
  • Identify and select 5 peer-reviewed articles from your research.

The Assignment: (4-5 pages)

In a 4- to 5-page paper, synthesize the peer-reviewed research you reviewed. Be sure to address the following:

  • Identify the 5 peer-reviewed articles you reviewed, citing each in APA format.
  • Summarize each study, explaining the improvement to outcomes, efficiencies, and lessons learned from the application of the clinical system each peer-reviewed article described. Be specific and provide examples.

In a 4- to 5-page paper, synthesize the peer-reviewed research you reviewed. Be sure to address the following:·   Properly identify 5 peer-reviewed articles selected.·   Summarize each study, explaining the improvement to outcomes, efficiencies, and lessons learned from the application of the clinical system each peer-reviewed article described. Be specific and provide examples.

 

SAMPLE ANSWER

Transforming Nursing and Healthcare through Technology

Introduction

Technology has played an instrumental role in changing healthcare. With an evolving healthcare system, nurses face the challenge of learning new skills and integrating them into practice. From unique interventions like tablet computers to radio frequency identification-enabled devices, the healthcare field is becoming more efficient. Nurses are now using technology to update patient records, schedule care and navigate online systems (Thimbleby, 2014). Long gone are the days when patient information was stored in handwritten charts. Now, patient’s data is safely and efficiently stored in electronic health records thus transforming the nursing profession. In addition, technology has improved communication between medical personnel during emergencies. Technology has made nursing work easier and as a result, increased the number of patients that nurses are likely to attend to. While technology improves communication and work efficiency, there can be several challenges when new technology is implemented. Nurses and other care givers report experiencing difficulties in effectively communicating patient information. Additionally, there is a high privacy risk associated with using technology devices to record patient data (Thimbleby, 2014). The use of technology in healthcare is expected to rise in the future. When it comes to nursing, technology advances will improve the ability of nurses to offer quality, accurate and efficient care to patients.

Use of Health Information Technology for Older Adults Care

In recent years, health information technology (HIT) has been used to improve care for the elderly. With the introduction of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, more research is being conducted to analyze the impact of electronic health records (EHR) and health information technology on the quality of care offered to older patients. Dowding and colleagues (2014), analyzed the impact of using EHR to improve outcomes such as the rate of elderly falls and pressure ulcers. The study investigated 29 hospitals and analyzed how their EHR systems affected documentation of patient information. According to the study, EHR systems were associated with improved documentation of pressure ulcers and falls in the hospitals investigated. Additionally, using EHR reduced pressure ulcers rates by 13%. However, the fall rates were not affected by the introduction of EHR systems. The study concluded that for effective change to be established and for successful EHR system to be installed, collaboration, teamwork and supportive leadership must be maintained.

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Impact of Bar-Code Medication Administration (BCMA) on Patient Harm

Medical errors pose serious risks to hospitalized patients. Medication errors are among the most common medical errors in healthcare facilities. These errors are categorized into prescribing errors, transcribing errors, dispensing and administration errors. Historically, several techniques have been developed to reduce administration errors. Barcode verification technology mitigates human errors by automating five key areas-patient, drug, dose, route and time-and alerts nurses to any violation. Thompson et al (2018) sought to evaluate the impact of implementing barcode medication administration technology on the rate of medical errors more specifically medication administration errors that result in patient harm. From March, 2007 to September, 2013 the study analyzed adherence to BCMA technology and tracked the number of actual errors during the study period. According to the results, there was a 43.5% reduction in medical administration errors after BCMA technology was introduced. The rate at which harmful medication errors were administered decreased from 0.65 per 100,000 to 0.29 per 100,000 medications. Overall, the use of BCMA technology significantly reduces medication administration errors.

Literature Review: The Use of Clinical Systems

Intravenous Smart Pumps

With over 90% of hospitalized patients receiving medication intravenously via infusion pumps, intravenous smart pumps are among the most used technologies in hospitals and healthcare facilities. Smart pump technologies have been proven to be profitable in intensive care units as they save costs and prevent medication errors. Rosas and colleagues (2018) evaluated the economic impact of implementing smart infusion pumps in the administration of intravenous drugs and solutions in the intensive care unit (ICU). The retrospective observational study analyzed patterns of consumption of intravenous solutions pre-implementation and post-implementation of smart pumps. The results show that the implemented smart pumps reduced the annual consumption of intravenous solutions by 18% units and by 22.3% liters. Additionally, the study observed that the smart pumps lowered the cost of IV administration by 17.1% when compared to conventional infusion systems. The results therefore prove that smart infusion pumps save costs specifically for the administration of intravenous solutions in the intensive care unit.

Intelligent Healthcare Data Management System (IHDMS)

With the increase in the development of intelligent healthcare systems, come more novel approaches that rely on Nanosensors and smart phone technologies. Patients are now using intelligent healthcare data management systems to access healthcare services including emergency management services and diagnosis services. IHDMS with nanosensors involves the use of wearable nanosensors, individual applications that are executed on smart phones and medical or healthcare servers (Dorj et al. 2017). In recent year, nanosensors have been utilized to solve human problems and treat diseases. Intelligent healthcare data management systems have also been used to maintain medical equipments. Hamdi et al (2014), developed a novel software system and applied it in the maintenance management of medical technologies. The researchers sorted medical maintenance requests and calculated priority indexes for the requests. Additionally, model performance was assessed by analyzing maintenance requests. The results showed significant improvements in equipment downtimes based on healthcare delivery capacity. This ultimately improved patient outcomes. The results conclude that IHDMS improves medical equipment reliability, safety and maintains cost efficiency.

Literature Review: The Use of Clinical Systems

Automated Medication Dispensing Cabinets (AMDC)

Automated medication dispensing cabinets are designed to provide computer-controlled storage, dispensing of medication and tracking at the point of care. AMDC offers several benefits to users and to patients. These cabinets provide nurses with total access to medication; they provide control of medications and greatly reduce medical errors. Moreno et al. (2014), sort to estimate the return on investment of an AMDC taking into account its role on the reduction in drug consumption. The study compared drug consumption rates in two separate wards with similar medicine use characteristics. The two wards used ADC model OmniSupplier and an inventory of the medication used was analyzed. The results showed a significant difference in the total cost of medication consumed by the control ward and the two test wards. The results showed a 16.3% reduction in drug consumption. Additionally, there was a median stock reduction of 56.5%. When the investigators compared the results, they observed a consistent reduction in the consumption of medicines. The study concludes that installation of automated medication dispensing cabinets reduce drug consumption, improve efficiency and save on medication costs.

Literature Review: The Use of Clinical Systems

Conclusion

New technology is changing the way people live their lives. And now more than ever before, technological advancements are impacting the healthcare industry in unique ways. In the healthcare industry, new technologies are used to improve patient care and ensure quality nursing care. Many new medical technologies help nurses with routine processes. For example, automated medication dispensing cabinets help nurses decrease human mistakes, improve efficiency and reduce medication consumption rates. Smart pumps on the other hand, have been used in ICUs to administer IV substances and medications. Electronic health records reduce medical errors and increase the time nurses allocate to each patient. While technology and innovation improve quality of care, all nurses agree that it should not replace day-to-day human interactions.

 

References

Dorj, U., Lee, M., Choi, J., Lee. Y. & Jeong, G. (2017). The Intelligent Healthcare Data Management System Using Nanosensors. Journal of Sensors, 9. Doi: 10.1155/2017/7483075

Dowding, DW., Turley, M. & Garrido, T. (2014). The Impact of n electronic Health Record on Nurse Sensitive Patient Outcomes: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 19(4), 615-620. Doi: 10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000504.

Hamdi, N., Oweis, R., Zraiq, H. A. & Sammour, D. (2014). An Intelligent Healthcare Management System: A New Approach in Work-Order Prioritization for Medical Equipment Maintenance Requests. Journal of Medical Systems, 36(2), 557-567. Doi: 10.1007/s10916-010-9501-4

Moreno, M.M. et al. (2014). Return on Investment for Automated Dispensing Cabinets. European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 19(2). Doi: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2012-000074.3014

Rosas, EP. Et al. (2018). Impact of Implementing Smart Infusion Pumps in an Intensive Care Unit in Mexico: A Pre-Post Cost Analysis Based on Intravenous Solutions Consumption, 54(13): Hospital Pharmacy. Doi: 10.1177/0018578718786943

Thimbleby, H. (2014). Technology and the Future of Healthcare. Journal of Public Health Research, 2(3). Doi: 10.4081/jphr.2013.e28

Thompson, K.M et al. (2018). Implementation of Bar-Code Medication Administration to Reduce Patient Harm. Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality & Outcomes, 2(4), 342-351. Doi: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2018.09.001

 

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Use of CBT in Groups Verses family settings

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Use of CBT in Groups Verses family settings

As you might recall from Week 5, there are significant differences in the applications of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for families and individuals. The same is true for CBT in group settings and CBT in family settings. In your role, it is essential to understand these differences to appropriately apply this therapeutic approach across multiple settings. For this Discussion, as you compare the use of CBT in group settings and family settings, consider challenges of using this approach with your own groups.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

  • Compare the use of cognitive behavioral therapy for groups to cognitive behavioral therapy for families
  • Analyze challenges of using cognitive behavioral therapy for groups
  • Recommend effective strategies in cognitive behavioral therapy for groups

Use of CBT in Groups Verses family settings

To prepare:

  • Reflect on your practicum experiences with CBT in group and family settings.

Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the Post to Discussion Question link and then select Create Thread to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and you cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking Submit!

By Day 3

Post an explanation of how the use of CBT in groups compares to its use in family settings. Provide specific examples from your own practicum experiences. Then, explain at least two challenges counselors might encounter when using CBT in the group setting. Support your response with specific examples from this week’s media.

 

SAMPLE ANSWER

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Group Settings versus Family Settings

            Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) be described as a practical, hands-on approach psychotherapy intervention aimed at improving mental health. The objective of CBT is changing the behavior and patterns of thinking behind the difficulties that individuals, groups, or families experience. Furthermore, it is important to note there are considerable differences in the application of CBT inn family and in group settings (Dobson & Dobson, 2018).

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Group CBT tends to involve a simultaneous interaction with people who are typically not in the client’s familial or social network. These people may be considered as relative strangers. Furthermore, a group can either bee homogeneous or heterogeneous. When heterogeneous, the clients tend to have similar issues, but when heterogeneous, the clients to have diverse issues. On the other hand, CBT in family settings tends to be solution-focused and brief (Knell, 2016).  Additionally, it involves supporting the family members to think and to act in a manner that tends to be more adaptive as well as learning to make choices that enhance the relations between family members (Zettle & Hayes, 2015). An example from practicum experience is a family that had some members who had drinking disorders, which resulted in chaos in the family.

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Some of the challenges when using CBT inn group settings is the lack of commitment from some of the clients. For these clients to benefit, they need to be fully committed and to undertake any activities as instructed by the therapist. Lack of commitment reduces the efficacy of CBT in group settings. Furthermore CBT in group settings may not be effective since some of the clients may be having learning difficulties, whereas others may have problems that are more complex (Dobson & Dobson, 2018).

 

 

References

Dobson, D., & Dobson, K. S. (2018). Evidence-based practice of cognitive-behavioral therapy. New York, NY: Guilford Publications.

Knell, S. M. (2016). Cognitive-behavioral play therapy. Handbook of play therapy, 118-133.

Zettle, R. D., & Hayes, S. C. (2015). Rule-governed behavior: A potential theoretical framework for cognitive-behavioral therapy. In The Act in Context (pp. 33-63). London, United Kingdom: Rutledge.

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Trends and Best Practices in “Best Hospitals”

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Trends and Best Practices in “Best Hospitals”

I have attached the peer posts below that need to be responded too.

Alittle Background:

It is important for health care leaders to be aware of industry trends and best practices that might impact their organizations. By strategically implementing these trends and best practices, organizations can improve patient health outcomes and remain competitive within the industry. For this Discussion, you examine the trends and best practices hospitals implement for organizational excellence, information technology, and informatics.

Response 1

Hi Latisa,

I enjoyed reading your post. The use of information technology has revolutionized the healthcare sector. IT has helped the healthcare sector to ensure quality healthcare delivery, increased patient safety, decreased medical errors as well as strengthening the interactions of between healthcare providers as well as between healthcare providers and patients. In addition, IT has enabled the development of system for healthcare record that is reliable and affordable which is paramount for quality healthcare delivery. The use of information technology in the healthcare sector has improved the quality of healthcare that is delivered by providing accurate patient records and allows doctors to better understand the patient’s medical history. Having a comprehensive patient history empowers doctors to more accurately treat ailments (Campione, Mardon & McDonald, 2018). Without the use of technology that keeps medical records, physicians would depend on the patient’s memory, which can lead to inaccurate medical history.

Reference

Campione, J., Mardon, R., & McDonald, K. (2018). Patient Safety Culture, Health Information Technology Implementation, and Medical Office Problems That Could Lead to Diagnostic Error. Journal of Patient Safety, 1. doi: 10.1097/pts.0000000000000531

 

Response 2

Hi Tyler,

I agree with you that Mayo Clinic has been able to incorporated operational excellence in its culture. By doing so, the hospital is able to identify problems in its systems and processes, and encourage and empower its staff to develop and implement solutions that address the root causes of the problems. This kind of system helps in ensuring continuous improvement within the hospital. In addition, technology’s role in the hospital has expanded exponentially due to technological advancements. The hospitals are now able to store, share and analyze health information by the use of technology. The use of technology increases provider capabilities and patient access while improving the quality of life the patients (Marcotte et al, 2015). Nowadays, physicians are able to help patients remotely and accurately diagnose a patient’s problems through telemedicine. Thus, technology has greatly to impacted the healthcare industry and the society as a whole.

Reference

Marcotte, L., Kirtane, J., Lynn, J., & McKethan, A. (2015). Integrating Health Information Technology to Achieve Seamless Care Transitions. Journal of Patient Safety, 11(4), 185-190. doi: 10.1097/pts.0000000000000077

 

SAMPLE ANSWER

Week 8 Discussion: Trends and Best Practices in “Best Hospitals”

Peer 1

Latisa McConico,

According to the 2019 U.S. News & World Report, the NYU Langone Hospital in New York, NY is ranked No. 9 on the Best Hospital Honor Roll. The facility ranks #14 in adult specialties and rated high performing in 1 adult specialty and 9 procedures and conditions. The NYU Langone Hospital is a general medical and surgical facility. NYU Langone Medical Center’s main facility in Manhattan is Tisch Hospital. Tisch hospital, formerly named University Hospital , was established in 1963 at its current site (U.S. News, 2019).

The hospital was founded in 1882 as New York Postgraduate Hospital and merged with New York University Medical Center in 1948 (U.S. News, 2019). NYU Langone Health has received the global Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS) Enterprise Nicholas E. Davies Award of Excellence for healthcare technology innovations that improve patient outcomes. NYU views technology as a critical element in connecting their patients and providers, and transforming care (NYU Langone, 2017).

Health IT has been foundational to their organizational success as they were the first and only health system in the state of New York to achieve inpatient and outpatient “Stage 7” electronic medical record adoption status recognized by HIMSS Analytics, which represents the highest level of electronic health record implementation and data analytics to improve care, as measured by the Electronic Medical Record Adoption Model. Clinical, IT, and operational leaders from NYU Longone presented case studies demonstrating the institution’s strategic use of health IT to improve patient outcomes. The organization showcased the value-based management (VBM) program, paperless registration, and the Total Joint Replacement Bundled Payment Care Initiative which uses IT systems to help in coordinating a patient’s care before,after, and during elective surgery to replace knee and hip joints (NYU Langone, 2017).

Trends and Best Practices in “Best Hospitals”

References:

NYU Langone Awarded HIMSS Enterprise Davies Award for Excellence in Health Information      Technology. (2017). Retrieved from https://nyulamgone.org/news/nyu-langone-awarded-himss-enterprise-davies-award-excellence-health-information-technology

2019-20 Best Hospitals Honor Roll and Medical Specialties Rankings. (2019). Retrieved from https://health.usnews.com/health-care/best-hospitals/articles/best-hospitals-honor-roll-and-overview

 

Peer 2

Tyler Hill,

The number one hospital from the “best hospital report” is Mayo Clinic based in Rochester, Minnesota.  Mayo clinic owns 19 hospitals  with 57 research centers.  The variety of this health care organization leads this facility to be considered the best hospital report.  In order to be ranked as best hospital, the organization must be excelling in care for the sickest patients and must be skilled for inpatient care (Mayo Clinic, 2019).  Also, death rates provide a ranking and gives insights to potential patients.  Being a best hospital does not mean that it excels in all other services provided.  Some hospitals have higher ranking in other specialties versus other hospitals

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The Mayo Clinic does well with within their financial report.  In 2018, the total current assets were 2,427 and total current liabilities in 2,281 in millions (Mayo Clinic, 2018).  This constitute as a best hospital as well because there are more assets than liabilities, which allows money to provide services and equipment for the patients without being in debt.  There are certain  trends to become the best practice hospital, which is to implement operational excellence, information technology and health care informatics.  The implementation  of health information technology improves the quality of health care, prevents medical errors and reduce health care cost (Shahi, Sadoughi & Ahmadi, 2015).  This improves the operations of health care because it cuts out a lot of middle man activity and allows patients to connect with physicians online.  Operational excellence is only implemented gradually and starts by addressing staff practices and analyzing leadership behaviors (Bach, 2017).  Healthcare informatics informs the facility of their numbers and what they should improve on. Taking a gradual action to these three practices will assist the hospital with becoming ranked for the best hospital reports.

References

Bach, N. (2017, October 5). Creating An Operational Excellence Strategy For Hospitals. Retrieved October 14, 2019, from https://www.eonsolutions.io/blog/creating-an-operational-excellence-strategy-for-hospitals.

Mayo Clinic (2018, December 31). Consolidated Financial Report. Retrieved from//https://cdn.prod-carehubs.net/n1/802899ec472ea3d8/uploads/2019/02/Mayo-Clinic-Year-End-2018-Consolidated-Short-Form.pdf

Mayo Clinic. (2019). Retrieved October 14, 2019, from https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/mn/mayo-clinic-6610451.

Shahi, M., Sadoughi, F., & Ahmadi, M. (2015).  Information technology governance domains in hospitals: A case study in Iran. Global Journal of  Health Science,7(3), 200-209. Retrieved from http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/gjhs/article/view/40490/23460

 

 

 

 

 

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Nursing Role in Program Design and Implementation

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Nursing Role in Program Design and Implementation

To Prepare:

  • Review the Resources and reflect on your thinking regarding the role of the nurse in the design and implementation of new healthcare programs.
  • Select a healthcare program within your practice and consider the design and implementation of this program.
  • Reflect on advocacy efforts and the role of the nurse in relation to healthcare program design and implementation.

The Assignment: (2–3 pages)

In a 2- to 3-page paper, create an interview transcript of your responses to the following interview questions:

  • Tell us about a healthcare program, within your practice. What are the costs and projected outcomes of this program?
  • Who is your target population?
  • What is the role of the nurse in providing input for the design of this healthcare program? Can you provide examples?
  • What is your role as an advocate for your target population for this healthcare program? Do you have input into design decisions? How else do you impact design?
  • What is the role of the nurse in healthcare program implementation? How does this role vary between design and implementation of healthcare programs? Can you provide examples?
  • Who are the members of a healthcare team that you believe are most needed to implement a program? Can you explain why?

The format is as follows: This assignment is an interview

  •  Title of Paper
  •   Introduction with a purpose statement
  •   Please begin the purpose statement as…”the purpose of this paper is to…….
  •   Then ask the following interview questions.
  • Headings

Program Design

1.       Tell us about a healthcare program within your practice. What are the costs and projected outcomes of this program?

2.      Who is your target population?

3.       What is the role of the nurse in providing input for the design of this healthcare program?   Example?

4.       What is the role of the nurse in providing input for the design of this healthcare program ?  Examples?

5.      What is your role as an advocate for your target population for this healthcare program?

6.      Do you have input into design decisions?

7.      How else do you impact design?

 

Program Implementation

1.      What is the role of the nurse in healthcare program implementation?

2.      How does this role vary between design and implementation of healthcare programs? Examples?

3.      Who are the members of a healthcare team that you believe are most needed to implement a program?

4.      Why you think this?

 

Summary

References

With this assignment please follow the following:

  •       No Running head
  •       This is APA format paper.
  •       There will be a tittle page.
  •       Please include an intext citation with Reference page.

Two to three pages paper with at least two course resources as reference. OUTSIDE SOURCES SHOULD BE PEER REVIEW ARTICLES.

  •       Please use times New Roman 12

 

SAMPLE ANSWER

Nursing Role in Program Design and Implementation

Introduction

Nurses have the opportunity to make positive impacts on their profession through advocacy. The healthcare system is very unpredictable and faces several challenges including; financial pressures, technological advancements, regulatory agencies that monitor patient safety, among other issues (Tomajan, 2012). These challenges affect resource allocation and the general work environment. On the other hand, the challenges introduce new opportunities for nurses to participate more in the healthcare policy development process, expand professional opportunities and enhance their image in the healthcare sector (Weckman & Janzen, 2014). According to the American Nurses Association (2019), advocacy is a core pillar of nursing practice. By championing the nursing profession, nurses highlight their crucial role of providing high quality and affordable care to patients. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the crucial role of involving nurses in program design and implementation to improve practices.

Program Design

  1. Tell us about a healthcare program within your practice. What are the costs and projected outcomes of this program?

The injury prevention program for healthcare workers strives to improve workers’ musculoskeletal health. By implementing simple policies like zero-lift policies, aerobic and strength training exercises, the program aims to reduce the rate of injuries at the facility. There are no cost implications for the program since it utilizes already existing resources like the facility’s gym.

  1. Who is your target population?

The project targets all healthcare workers at the healthcare facility

  1. What is the role of the nurse in providing input for the design of this healthcare program? Example?

Nurses have substantial knowledge of hospital systems including their strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, nurses should be included in the decision-making process. Every day, nurses face the risk of acquiring workplace injuries as a result of handling heavy equipments and patients (Wahlin et al. 2018). Thus, nurses should provide input and present effective strategies to reduce workplace injuries. Nurses should also be involved in the planning phase.

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  1. What is your role as an advocate for your target population for this healthcare program

Policy strategies are crucial in addressing injury and violence levels (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019). As an advocate for all employees in the healthcare facility, my role involves participating actively in activities that influence decision making processes and collaborating with institution leaders to monitor policy progress.

  1. Do you have input into design decisions?

Yes I do. Every healthcare worker in the facility provides necessary information to improve program implementation

  1. How else do you impact design?

I also participate in policy evaluation where the content and structure of the policy is examined. I am part of a pilot unit that is participating in new physical fitness training techniques.

Program Implementation

  1. What is the role of the nurse in healthcare program implementation?

Nurses have a responsibility to promote public health (Kemppainen, Tossavainen & Turunen, 2013). Nurses should work closely with other workers to guarantee effectives of healthcare programs. They achieve this by providing crucial feedback regarding any changes observed both during the trial stage and after the implementation of the intervention.

  1. How does this role vary between design and implementation of healthcare programs? Examples?

During the program design phase, the main goal is to establish practices that have the best possible chance of achieving set program objectives. Program implementation on the other hand, requires faithful and strategic actions and follow-throughs (Powell et al. 2019).

Nursing Role in Program Design and Implementation

  1. Who are the members of a healthcare team that you believe are most needed to implement a program?

Management and all employees of the healthcare facility

  1. Why do you think this?

All staff members play an intricate role in the implementation of the Injury prevention program. This is due to the fact that all healthcare workers are at a high risk of being injured and developing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and other work-related injuries (Wahlin et al. 2018). Top managers play a critical role in program implementation by providing all resources and support.

Summary

Although the nursing profession has a role to play in the health policy field, the ever changing healthcare environment implies that clinicians need a better understanding of health policies. Nurses are constantly assuming leadership roles in policy development and implementation. Nurses understand all the aspects of patient care. Therefore, they provide a bridge between healthcare providers and patients. Involving nurses in all stages of policy implementation facilitates smooth transition and improves efficiency.

 

References

American Nurses Association. (2019). Advocacy. Retrieved from https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/advocacy/

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2019). Step by Step: Evaluating Violence and Injury Prevention Policies: Brief 4 Evaluating Policy Implementation. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/injury/about/evaluation.html

Kemppainen, V., Tossavainen, K. & Turunen, H. (2013). Nurses’ Roles in Health Promotion Practice: an Integrating Review. Health Promotion International, 28(4), 490-501. Doi: 10.1093/heapro/das034

Powell, B.J. et al. (2019). Enhancing the Impact of Implementation Strategies in Healthcare: A Research Agenda. Frontiers in Public Health, 7(3). Doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00003

Tomajan, K. (2012). Advocating for Nurses and Nursing. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 17(1). Doi: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol17No01Man04

Weckman, H. & Janzen, S. (2014). The Critical Nature of Early Nursing Involvement for Introducing New Technologies. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 14(2). Doi: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol14No02Man02

Wahlin, C., Kvarnstrom, S., Ohrn, A. & Strid, E.N. (2018). Patient and Healthcare Worker Safety Risks and Injuries. Learning from Incident Reporting. European Journal of Physiotherapy. Doi: 10.1080/21679169.2018.1549594

 

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Group Therapy Progress Documentation and Analysis

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Group Therapy Progress Documentation and Analysis

Students will:

  • Develop effective documentation skills for group therapy sessions *
  • Develop diagnoses for clients receiving group psychotherapy *
  • Evaluate the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for groups *
  • Analyze legal and ethical implications of counseling clients with psychiatric disorders *

Select two clients you observed or counseled this week during a group therapy session. Note: The two clients you select must have attended the same group session (group therapy session about drug addiction)

Then, in your Practicum Journal, address the following:

  • Using the Group Therapy Progress Note (see file downloaded) document the group session.
  • Describe each client (without violating HIPAA regulations), and identify any pertinent history or medical information, including prescribed medications.
  • Using the DSM-5, explain and justify your diagnosis for each client.
  • Explain whether cognitive behavioral therapy would be effective with this group. Include expected outcomes based on this therapeutic approach.
  • Explain any legal and/or ethical implications related to counseling each client.
  • Support your approach with evidence-based literature.

 

SAMPLE ANSWER

Group Therapy Progress Note American Psychological Association

Client: Mr. JJ and Mr. Q                                                   Date: 21/10/19

Group name:  Achievers                                         Minutes: 45

Group session: 1                                                Meeting attended for this client: 1

Number present in group 2 of 2      scheduled Start time: 10:00 AM           End time: 10:45

Assessment of client

  1. Participation level: ❑ Active/eager ❑ Variable ❑ only responsive ❑ Minimal ❑ Withdrawn
  2. Participation quality: ❑ Expected ❑ Supportive ❑ sharing ❑ Attentive ❑ Intrusive ❑ monopolizing ❑ Resistant ❑ other: _____________________________________
  3. Mood: ❑ Normal ❑ Anxious ❑ Depressed ❑ Angry ❑ Euphoric ❑ Other: _______________
  4. Affect: ❑ Normal ❑ Intense ❑ Blunted ❑ Inappropriate ❑ Labile ❑ Other: _______________
  5. Mental status: ❑ Normal ❑ Lack awareness ❑ Memory problems ❑ disoriented ❑ confused ❑ disorganized ❑ Vigilant ❑ Delusions ❑ Hallucinations ❑ Other: __________________
  6. Suicide/violence risk: ❑ Almost none ❑ Ideation ❑ Threat ❑ Rehearsal ❑ Gesture ❑ Attempt
  7. Change in stressors: ❑ less severe/fewer ❑ Different stressors ❑ More/more severe ❑ Chronic
  8. Change in coping ability/skills: ❑ No change ❑ Improved ❑ Less able ❑ Much less able
  9. Change in symptoms: ❑ same ❑ Less severe ❑ Resolved ❑ More severe ❑ Much worse
  10. Other observations/evaluations: patients are willing to make a change in their lives.

Group Psychotherapy is concerned with various strategies that are used in helping individuals have a safe and trustworthy forum where they would interact with each other and help each other. The group session as made up of people who were battling addiction with a majority of them having an alcohol addiction.

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Description of the Clients

One of the group members was known as Mr. JJ, a 34-year-old man who experiences insomnia. History reveals that he is very worried that he may end up losing his job and he is also unable to control the worry. The worry makes him experience challenges sleeping and therefore he would take alcohol so that he can sleep. He, therefore, began by consuming alcohol as a self-cure for insomnia but he became dependent.

The second client is Mr. Q and he is a 36-year old man who has been experiencing challenges in his marriage for a long time. He describes his wife as nagging and always complaining about the things that he cannot do for her. This makes him prefer to drown his sorrows in alcohol so that he can forget about the treatment at home. He does not want to divorce his wife because his parents had a divorce and it negatively affected him.

Diagnosis

Mr. JJ needs a dual diagnosis because he presents mental issues, i.e. depression and anxiety, in addition to alcohol use and therefore has a co-occurring disorder. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), (2013), the diagnostic criterion for insomnia is where there are complains that the patient is not satisfied with the quantity of sleep that they get or the quality. At the same time, Khurshid (2018) establishes that depression can present as insomnia and hence Mr. JJ was screened for depression. People with mental issues tend to take alcohol because of its stimulating effect so that it can help them sleep (Jacobson and Newman, 2014). Mr. Q is diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder because of the stress that he receives at home which makes him want to be away. According to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (2013), post-traumatic stress disorder is said to be present when the patient has experienced an actual exposure to a stressful event. In his case, the trauma is from the divorce that the parents had.

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In-session procedures:

For this people Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) will be employed and it involves activities that will aim at exploring the negative thoughts that an individual has and replaces them with thoughts that are positive and that will play a role in creating favorable behaviors and emotions ( Patterson, 2014). Cognitive-behavioral therapy would be effective for the treatment of addiction because it is instrumental in helping them to find the relationship between their actions, thoughts and feelings and how they impact recovery. This is because CBT is based on the idea that the feelings, as well as the behaviors of an individual, are caused by their thoughts. Therefore, while they may not be able to change their circumstances they should be able to change their thoughts about them. The expected outcome is that there will be skills learned on how to cope with the issues that they go through. They will, therefore, not need to use alcohol as a coping mechanism.

Homework:

  1. To talk with the spouses about the issues that they think they can change
  2. Be more open and spend time at home
  3. Appreciate the spouses more and try to make time to do the things they all used to love

Group Therapy Progress Documentation and Analysis

Other comments:

Legal and ethical issues have been considered.

An ethical requirement for both clients is to ensure that they sign an informed consent form. This means that they will have made an informed decision to be part of the psychotherapy group. It also confirms that their participation is voluntary and rational. This is also important because it helps them to have an increased sense of ownership over the process.

The ethical issue will involve giving both of them a safe and confidential opportunity to express his concerns, fears, and issues. Privacy and confidentiality will be ensured as this is an ethical requirement for psychotherapists. As a result, everything that is discussed will be kept secret and will not be disseminated to any other person

 

Signatures     …………………………                              Date………/………../……….

 

Group Therapy Progress Documentation and Analysis

References

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders, DSM-5. (5th edition). Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association.    ISBN-13: 978-8123923796

Jacobson, N. C., & Newman, M. G. (2014). Avoidance mediates the relationship between

Anxiety and depression over a decade later. Journal of anxiety disorders, 28(5), 437-445. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.03.007

Khurshid K. A. (2018). Comorbid Insomnia and Psychiatric Disorders: An Update. Innovations

in clinical neuroscience, 15(3-4), 28–32.

Levi, O., Bar‐Haim, Y., Kreiss, Y., & Fruchter, E. (2016). Cognitive–behavioural therapy and

psychodynamic psychotherapy in the treatment of combat‐related post‐traumatic stress disorder: A comparative effectiveness study. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 23(4), 298-307. doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1969

 

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Groups

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Groups

As you might recall from Week 5, there are significant differences in the applications of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for families and individuals. The same is true for CBT in group settings and CBT in family settings. In your role, it is essential to understand these differences to appropriately apply this therapeutic approach across multiple settings. For this Discussion, as you compare the use of CBT in group settings and family settings, consider challenges of using this approach with your own groups.

 

Learning Objectives

Students will:

  • Compare the use of cognitive behavioral therapy for groups to cognitive behavioral therapy for families
  • Analyze challenges of using cognitive behavioral therapy for groups
  • Recommend effective strategies in cognitive behavioral therapy for groups

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To prepare:

  • Reflect on your practicum experiences with CBT in group and family settings.

Post an explanation of how the use of CBT in groups compares to its use in family settings. Provide specific examples from your own practicum experiences (you as the writer can make this up as long as it deals with drug addiction). Then, explain at least two challenges counselors might encounter when using CBT in the group setting.

 

SAMPLE ANSWER

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Group Settings versus Family Settings

Cognitive behavioral group therapy is a group approach that utilizes behavioral, relational and group practices to improve the coping skills of participants, and address the problems that they are experiencing (Wolgensinger, 2015). On the other hand, cognitive behavioral family therapy focuses on supporting members of a family to interact in a more adaptive manner; learn how to make better decisions to create a conducive environment for family interactions. Additionally, cognitive behavioral family therapy relies on reciprocal interactions between family members (Lan & Sher, 2018). During drug addiction treatment, CBT shows that emotions and harmful actions are not rational and might have come from past experiences. When a person struggling with addiction understands that their feelings lead to substance use, they are better placed to control their addiction. In practice, I work closely with individuals struggling with alcohol addiction. During family CBT, emotions and behaviors have a mutual influence on one another. For example, clients often change their addiction story when a family member is in the therapy session with them. When I encounter such clients, I recommend group CBT because they may relate better to others that are going through the same situation.

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CBT administered in the group setting posses several challenges to counselors. Clients might have limited motivations to change. Counselors should therefore establish motivating factors to help the client cope with therapy. For psychotherapy to work, the individual, the family and the group should ensure that treatment goals are met. During group CBT counselors face the challenge of choosing effective structures to use (McHugh, Hearon & Otto, 2010). Additionally, identifying proper techniques to introduce to obtain maximum results is a challenge. Evaluating techniques and consulting with other therapists assists with meeting all the needs of the parties involved.

 

References

Lan, J. & Sher, TM. (2018). Cognitive-Behavioral Family Therapy. Research Gate. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-15877-8_40-1

McHugh, R.K., Hearon, B.A. & Otto, M. (2010). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Substance Use Disorders. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 33(3), 511-525. Doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.012

Wolgensinger, L. (2015). Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy for Anxiety: Recent Developments. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 17(3), 347-351.

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Social Structure and Social Interaction

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Social Structure and Social Interaction

You’ve learned how important groups, roles, statuses, and social networks are in the structure of society. In this assignment, you will complete a short answer activity in which you’ll demonstrate what you’ve learned by identifying and describing examples from your own life. Use the Assignment 2 template to complete this assignment

YOUR STATUS SET, ROLES, AND ROLE PROBLEMS 1) Status Set:

a) List five statuses that you currently have.
• Remember: A status is simply a position you fill in society. It may be a job title, but it could also include a position you fill within a family or a community. For more information, review Section 4.3 in your webtext. b) Label each status as either ascribed, achieved, or master.
• Remember: An ascribed status is one you’re born with and have no control over. An achieved status is reached through your own efforts or simply good or bad luck. A master status is so important that it overrides your other statuses. For more information, review Section 4.3 in your webtext.
2
2) Roles:

a) Choose one status from your list.

b) Describe the role that is associated with the status.
c) Describe how you learned that role.

• Remember: A role is the behavior expected of someone with a certain status. For more information, review Section 4.4 in your webtext.
3) Role Conflict:

a) Describe a time when you experienced a conflict because of the demands of two different roles associated with any of your statuses.
b) How did you resolve the conflict? (Discuss any conversation or social interactions you had.)
c) List any active listening skills you used to resolve the conflict. If you didn’t use active listening skills, then list the skills you could have used to resolve the conflict. • Remember: Refer to the active listening skills checklist in page 2.10 in your webtext.

FORMATTING 4) Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:

• Use the Assignment 2 template to complete this assignment.

 

SAMPLE ANSWER

Social Structure and Social Interaction

1) Status Set
a) List five statuses that you currently have.

  1. Father
  2. Spouse
  • Home owner
  1. Youth leader
  2. Philanthropist
  3. b) Label each status as either ascribed, achieved or master.
  4. Father – achieved
  5. Spouse – achieved

iii.        Male – ascribed

  1. British – ascribed
  2. Teacher – achieved
    2) Roles
    a) Choose one status from your list.

Father
b) Describe the role that is associated with the status.

As a father, the primary role is to model the children in the right way. Through this, the children will be in a position to feel the significance of having a father in their lives. Being part and parcel of the children’s lives becomes integral. The father ensures that the child gets what he needs in life to live a comfortable life. Giving love to the child, teaching the necessary virtues, and providing the basis all make up the fatherly role.
c) Describe how you learned that role.

I learned the fatherly role primarily through observing how my father brought me up as the only son. He always ensured I lived a simple decent life, where basic provisions were met without fail. Taught me the right ways, which I now find important in my achieved status. This demonstrates the understanding that the learning observation right from the time I was young was not in vain.

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3) Role Conflict
a) Describe a time when you experienced conflict because of the demands of two different roles associated with any of your statuses.

At one time, I experienced a conflicting arising from the execution of my role, both as a father and a spouse. As a father, I am indebted to the children. However, as spouse, I am attached to my wife. Sometimes it was common to give all my attention to one role, without an idea that I was ignoring the other. For instance, I was torn between having to go out with my wife to fulfill my role as a spouse at the expense of my son who needed my attention. The conflict helped me learn the importance of each role to the relevant party. From then on, I tried to balance my life to ensure that I meet all my roles without fail.

Social Structure and Social Interaction
b) How did you resolve the conflict?

When I experienced the conflict of being both a spouse and father at the same time, I had to come up with a resolution that would not break either my wife or son. In this case, I had to talk to my wife because he understands well enough that I have an obligation to fulfill my role as a father. Thus, it was necessary to postpone the dinner arrangement with my wife to be there for my son as promised earlier. However, I had to inform my child in advance that I was not to be available at a later date to be with him as usual since I had to go out with my wife, his mother. In this way, there was an amicable resolution to the whole problem. Being at peace with both parties was necessary to depict that I have indeed executed my role as intended.

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c) List any active listening skills you used to resolve the conflict. If you didn’t use active listening skills, then list the skills you could have used to resolve the conflict.

The active listening skills that I used to resolve the conflict include demonstrating concern (Hoppe & Center for Creative Leadership, 2014). This was effective in communicating that I recognize each of them and my role in their life. I promised never to fail any of them, although meeting their needs would always have to entail patience form each of them. Equally, the use of brief verbal affirmations was critical (Jahromi, Tabatabaee, Abdar & Rajabi, 2016) in dealing with the conflicting situation. This was of essence depicting the fact that was aware of the concerns of each of them and would address them adequately.

 

References

Hoppe, M. H., & Center for Creative Leadership. (2014). Active listening: Improve your ability to listen and lead. Greensboro, N. C.: Center for Creative Leadership.

Jahromi, V. K., Tabatabaee, S. S., Abdar, Z. E., & Rajabi, M. (2016). Active listening: The key of successful communication in hospital managers. Electronic physician, 8(3), 2123.

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Role description for a graduate-level nurse

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Role description for a graduate-level nurse

Assume you are a nurse manager on a unit where a new nursing documentation system is to be implemented. You want to ensure that the system will be usable and acceptable for the nurses impacted. You realize a nurse leader must be on the implementation team.

To Prepare:

  • Review the steps of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and reflect on the scenario presented.
  • Consider the benefits and challenges associated with involving a nurse leader on an implementation team for health information technology.

The Assignment: (2-3 pages)

In preparation of filling this role, develop a 2- to 3-page role description for a graduate-level nurse to guide his/her participation on the implementation team. The role description should be based on the SDLC stages and tasks and should clearly define how this individual will participate in and impact each of the following steps:

  • Planning and requirements definition
  • Analysis
  • Design of the new system
  • Implementation
  • Post-implementation support

 

SAMPLE ANSWER

The Role of the RN/APRN in Policy Evaluation

Two significant opportunities that RNs and APRNs nurses have to enable them to participate in policy reviews include their capacity to influence health delivery and the professional organizations that they identify with as members (Milstead & Short, 2019). As professionals, nurses contribute towards caregiving for the sick. In this way, they bring into perspective a platform that enables them to care for the patients adequately. Equally, the entry of nurses into areas such as the American Nurses Organization presents a significant opportunity for them realize crucial opportunities in their professional undertaking to enhance policy reviews.

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The opportunities that exist of the nurses may present diverse challenges such as issues pertaining to entry to the professional organizations. The professes of subscribing into those bodies may either be complex or have barriers that make entry difficult especially if the nurses fail to meet the minimum requirements (Shiramizu, Shambaugh, Petrovich, Seto, Ho, Mokuau & Hedges, 2016). Overcoming such a challenge requires the organizations to give clear guidelines on membership criteria. Equally, providing guidance during the registration process would bring many nurses on board. On the other hand, in their capacity to influence health delivery, and ultimately policy reviews, the professionals may lack adequate information to implement the necessary details. Thus, providing the relevant information and making it available for the nurses to use would prove effective in dealing with the impending challenge.

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When communicating the opportunities that are available for the professional nurses to enable them adequately participate in policy reviews, the best strategies to implement are timing and leadership (Williams & Anderson, 2018). Through proper timing, it is possible to know when and when not to facilitate those reviews. In this way, it becomes easy to avoid the negative adversities associated with writing timing. Equally, having in place astute leadership would go a long way in facilitating policy reviews. Leadership is an integral ingredient in ensuring that policy review is done accordingly.

 

References

Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health Policy and Politics: A nurse’s guide (6th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Shiramizu, B., Shambaugh, V., Petrovich, H., Seto, T. B., Ho, T., Mokuau, N., & Hedges, J. R. (2016). Leading by success: Impact of a clinical and translational research infrastructure program to address health inequities. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 4(5), 983–991. doi:10.1007/s40615-016-0302-4

Williams, J. K., & Anderson, C. M. (2018). Omics research ethics considerations. Nursing Outlook, 66(4), 386–393. doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2018.05.003

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Nursing collaboration with other disciplines

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Nursing collaboration with other disciplines

Nursing should not ‘borrow’ theories from other disciplines.” Refute this statement by providing specific examples from your current nursing practice. Describe the importance of increased nursing collaboration with other disciplines.

Your initial posting should be at least 400 words in length and utilize at least one scholarly source other than the textbook.

 

SAMPLE ANSWER

Concepts and Theories in Nursing

Nursing discipline is a unique profession that overlaps many sciences to help provide care holistically. The major disciplines that nursing overlaps include sociology, education, and psychology (Chamberlain College of Nursing, 2015).  Nursing has stayed in the silent knowledge phase for decades due to the little attempts to develop researches to ensure evidence best practices. However, today nursing profession has entered the received knowledge phase where nurses can learn and employ theories from other disciplines and use them to improve care in nursing practice (Desbiens, Gagnon, & Fillion, 2012). Nursing theories have constructs and concepts that can help in practice.

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The use of theory-guided practice is vital in providing holistic, efficient, and effective care. Since nurses often care for patients with both terminal and chronic diseases, they must employ theoretical principles to guide their decisions and plan of providing quality care (Desbiens, Gagnon, & Fillion, 2012).  For example, borrowed theories have been used in nursing to develop protocols used in delivering care. The theories guide clinical tests, nurse-patient relations, and delivery of care to improve the quality of life and health of patients (Fawcett & DeSanto-Madeya, 2012).  The use of the self- efficacy and self-care theories have also helped to ensure the nursing behavior is founded on professionalism and evidence-based nursing practice that provide positive patient outcomes (McEwen & Wills, 2014). Therefore, theories from other disciplines can be borrowed to enhance nursing knowledge in delivery of healthcare.  However, the theories must be validated to ensure they improve nursing practice and increases the efficiency of healthcare delivery.  This can be achieved through continued research to find theories that significantly impact nursing practice and improve quality of life.

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The increase of nursing collaboration with other disciplines is critical in improving nursing practice and delivery of healthcare.  Borrowing theories from science disciplines has been crucial in addressing nursing issues and providing care in a holistic manner (Fawcett & DeSanto-Madeya, 2012).  According to Chamberlain College of Nursing, (2015) borrowed nursing theories have also helped nurses to understand and build nurse-patient relationships in palliative care. The theories have helped to identify problems needed to be examined in nursing practice and implemented to provide critical solutions in nursing practice. Desbiens, Gagnon, and Fillion, (2012) consider that borrowed theories help to understand a given phenomenon or extend and challenge a particular knowledge based on clinical assumptions. The theories are also critical in making clinical decisions that improve practice through influencing patient outcomes and quality of health positively. The use of the borrowed theories can be explained using the old phrase “Why reinvent the wheel?” as it depicts reasons borrowed theories are essential in nursing practice (McEwen & Wills, 2014). Nursing as a patient-centered discipline can use borrowed theories and adopt them in practice to provide best evidence-based outcomes. Thus, the use of theory-guided practice is vital in providing holistic, efficient, and effective care.

Although theories from other disciplines can be borrowed to enhance nursing knowledge in delivery of healthcare, the theories need to be tested and proven before being applied in different nursing practices — some theories only present rationale in research but not in practice (Chamberlain College of Nursing, 2015).  Creating awareness of the borrowed theories that can be used as nursing theories supported by evidence will help improve the provision of healthcare and improve patient outcomes.

 

References

Chamberlain College of Nursing. (2015). NR 501: Theoretical Basis for             Advanced        Nursing: Week One lesson History of Nursing Theory Development Timeline.           [PowerPoint slides]. St. Louis, MO: online publication.

Desbiens, J., Gagnon, J., & Fillion, L. (2012). Development of a shared theory in

palliative care to enhance nursing competence. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 68(9), 2113-2124. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05917.x

Fawcett, J., & DeSanto-Madeya, S. (2012). The Structure of Contemporary Nursing           Knowledge. In Contemporary Nursing Knowledge: Analysis and Evaluation of        Nursing Models and Theories (3rd ed., p 17). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis.

McEwen, M., & Wills, E. (2014). Stages of Theory Development in Nursing. In      Theoretical

basis for nursing (4th ed., pp. 23-47). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott       Williams & Wilkins.

 

 

 

 

 

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