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International Health Disparities

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International Health Disparities

Analyzing epidemiological data.

Based on the review of global health disparities across inter/intra national countries, analyze data by the use of epidemiological analytical methods to infer the factors or causes for these public health disparities. Select any three countries of your choice (one from a developed nation, a ‘second world’ country, and an underdeveloped third world country) and find epidemiological data such as fertility indicators (crude birth and death rates) and other health indicators. Provide an analysis among your three sample countries in a 3-5 page paper. Your writing should follow the conventions of Standard American English (correct grammar, punctuation, etc.) and APA style guidelines. Your work should be well ordered, logical and unified, as well as original and insightful. Your submission should display superior content, organization, style, and mechanics.

 

SAMPLE ANSWER

International Health Disparities

Public health disparities across races, gender, ethnic groups, and other populations is a significant concern in the modern world. Health disparities refer to preventable variances in the disease burden, violence, injury, and available opportunities to access optimum health. Health disparities are caused by a variable number of factors such as environmental factors, poverty, level of education and behavioral and individual factors, among others (National Center for Health Statistics, 2016). This paper analyses health disparity between developed, developing, and underdeveloped countries. The sample countries used in each case include the United States of America for developed countries, China, for strengthening or second world countries and Cuba for the third world or under-developed countries. Different health indicators provided by epidemiological data in the three countries will be used to determine the disparities and their possible causes.

Health indicators in the United States

According to the Nation Master, the total fertility rate in the United States is about 1.99 %. Hospital beds are approximately 3.3 in every 1000 people. Life expectancy in the United States is 76 years (NationMaster (APA), n.d). Life expectancy for women at birth is 81.1, while the total population life expectancy is 78 years. Physicians are rated to be 2.3 in every 100 people. The cost of the healthcare system is 45.82, while the quality of healthcare is about 69.02.

Health Indicators in China

Nation Master report that the total fertility rate in China is about 1.88, and the number of hospital beds per 1000 people is about 2.5.  The life expectancy for men is about 72 years, women 76 years and for the whole population 74 years (NationMaster (APA), n.d).  The number of physicians in every 1000 people is approximately 1.5, while the cost of health care is about 57. The quality of healthcare in China is about 62.

Health indicators in Rwanda

The total fertility rate in Rwanda is reported to be 1.8%, and the number of hospital beds per 1000 people is approximately 1.7. The life expectancy rate for males is 54 years, while that of women is 65 years (NationMaster (APA), n.d). The life expectancy rate for the total population is 58 years. The number of physicians per 1000 people is estimated to be 0.05. The cost of health is reported to be 72 while the quality of healthcare is 49.

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From the health indicators data presented above, it is evident that health quality reduces depending on the level of a country’s development. The United States has the highest presents, the highest quality of health, followed by china and finally Rwanda. Rwanda is an African country which is one of the most under-developed countries across the globe. There are various causes of health disparities around the world which may include:

  1. The quality of education

Education is one of the most significant determinants of health quality in a country. In most of the developed countries such as the United States, high-quality education results in more competent health professionals who provide quality patient care, thus reducing the rates of death and other consequences of poor health (Woolf, 2017). Besides, the number of health professionals, such as physicians tends to be higher compared to those in the second and first world countries.

International Health Disparities

  1. Poverty

Poverty is also one of the leading causes of health disparities across the globe. Most countries in the third world c countries have high poverty levels that they are not able to afford the cost of quality healthcare (Woolf, 2017). Besides, poverty acts as a barrier to quality and enough health facilities and hospital beds. Also, poverty results in lack of enough medicine to treat various diseases (Woolf, 2017). As a result, less developed countries report the highest rate of mortality and morbidity.

  • Behavioral and individual behaviors

Individual behaviors in various countries are also some of the main causes of health disparities as they determine their life style and the probability of living a healthy life. Reports show that most people in the third world countries die due to conditions such as heart attack, respiratory diseases and obesity (Woolf, 2017. Most of these conditions are related to lack of adequate physical exercise. This can be linked to insufficient healthcare professionals to create awareness on the benefits of living a healthy lifestyle.

  1. Level of economic growth and development

Economic growth of a country determines the per capita income of people in that nation. In addition, the level of economic development determines the living standards of citizens in a country. Per capita income is one of the main determinants on whether an individual can afford quality medical services even if it means seeking them outside the country (Woolf, 2017. The level of living standards determines factors such as healthy diet and ample physical exercise. Therefore, countries in the first world have high quality of health compared to second and third world countries.

In conclusion, international health disparities mostly exist due to the level of development of nations. Developed countries have the highest living standards, where citizens can access quality healthcare and also live healthy lives in terms of diet. Also, first world countries have the highest quality of education that they can produce high-quality health practitioners who provide excellent services, thus reducing the mortality rate in the nation.

 

References

Nation Master. (n.d).”Health: China and United States compared”. Retrieved from http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/compare/China/United-States/Health

NationMaster. (n.d).”Health: Rwanda and United States compared”. Retrieved from http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/compare/Rwanda/United-States/Health

National Center for Health Statistics (US. (2016). Health, United States, 2015: with special feature on racial and ethnic health disparities.

Woolf, S. H. (2017). Progress in achieving health equity requires attention to root causes. Health Affairs, 36(6), 984-991.

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Crisis Counseling

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Crisis Counseling

Sometimes clients come into the counseling session with an immediate crisis. They need an immediate solution to a problem. Counseling in these situations needs to be focused and goal oriented.

Jamila has been working with her counselor on learning to better manage her 9-year-old son. Last night, her son was hit by a car and is in the hospital. This has created a number of problems:

1. She has to arrange childcare for her daughter so she can stay with her son in the hospital.

2. He will need some special care when he gets home because he will be in a wheelchair.

3. She is fearful that she will lose her job as a teacher’s aide in the local public school.

Write a 500-750-word paper addressing the following:

1. How would you prioritize Jamila’s concerns in the counseling session? What would you address first?

2. What steps would you take in this session to make sure that Jamila has the resources she needs right now?

3. How would you help Jamila develop a plan to manage the current crisis?

Include at least three scholarly references in your paper.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

 

SAMPLE ANSWER

Crisis Counseling

Introduction

A person is viewed to be in a crisis when they experience a situation which is considered too difficult for them to handle. This issue occurs due to personal inadequacies or insufficient resources. The above factors may make the situation to exceed the individual’s tolerance capabilities. Crisis counseling is therefore a technique that may offer immediate help to an individual in a crisis. To achieve this goal, there are various priorities and models that counselors may use during the intervention (Taylor, & Gibson, 2016).  The essay intends to develop suitable priorities, design ways of creating efficient resources, and develop a suitable management plan for a presented case.

Case Overview

The crisis counseling session focus on a client whose name is Jamila. The client is a teacher’s aide and has two children; a boy and a girl. The son is involved in an accident and needs special care from the mother. In addition, the daughter needs to be placed in a childcare facility to provide time for her son’s care. By caring for her son, Jamila risks her losing her job.

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Prioritizing Client’s Concerns

In the scenario, every element is crucial to the client, thereby creating a dilemma to her. From the client’s time and finances are essential concerns for her. Therefore, it would be important to prioritize Jamila’s concerns basing on time and finances. Moreover, it would also focus on the impact of the issue to other issues. The counselor may need to address her job concern first. This is because it would affect her ability to pay for her son’s hospital bill and her daughter’s daycare fees. In addition development of a suitable job schedule may help the client to care for her son without problems. The second issue to be addressed will be son’s care. This concern has been ongoing for the client; hence it is more urgent than her daughter’s daycare concern (Taylor, & Gibson, 2016).

Steps for Attainment of Resources

A systematic approach is suitable in enabling the client to attain resources for controlling the problem. The six-step crisis intervention model will be useful in helping Jamila. In the model, the first step involves defining the problem and understanding it from the client’s perspective. The second step is focused at ensuring the client’s safety. In the scenario, this step focuses on the psychological danger that Jamila may face. Thirdly, the counselor will provide support to the client through suitable communication skills (Silva, Siegmund, & Bredemeier, 2015).

The fourth phase involves examination of different resource alternatives. It may involve assessment of the client’s situational support or involving people close to her. Fifthly, the counselor will engage in making detailed plans and outline the persons and other referral resources that can enhance support to the client. Lastly, the counselor needs to obtain commitment from the client to ensure that the crisis counseling session is effective (Silva, Siegmund, & Bredemeier, 2015).

Developing a Management Plan

Developing a management plan needs suitable strategies. However, there are two broad frameworks that the assistance will follow; nondirective and collaborative counseling. If the client is able to initiate and develop their own management plans, nondirective counseling will be used. Contrarily, collaborative counseling will be suitable if the counselor has established a reliable partnership with the client. A suitable strategy for enhancing proper management planning is creation of awareness. This strategy attempts to bring to the clients thoughts and behaviors that may solve her crisis. In addition, provision of support is essential throughout the six-step process as it validates and expands on suggestions for controlling the situation. Lastly, the practitioner may provide guidance and direction on how to use the resources to manage the crisis (Crosby, Cwik, & Riddle, 2015).

Nursing Paper Help

Conclusion

Crises are a common occurrence in people’s lives. However, it is often difficult to manage these challenges without the help of other people. The paper tries to show the role of counselors in helping clients solve their crisis issues. From the paper, it can be shown that using a systematic approach is suitable in helping clients manage their crises. In addition, one can depict that the counseling strategies such as support of clients and offering clients are beneficial tin crisis counseling management.

 

References

Crosby B. M., Cwik, M. F., & Riddle, M. A. (2015). Awareness, attitudes, and use of

crisis hotlines among youth at‐risk for suicide. Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior, 45(2), 192-198.

Silva, J. A. M. D., Siegmund, G., & Bredemeier, J. (2015). Crisis interventions in online

psychological counseling. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 37(4), 171-182.

Taylor, J. V., & Gibson, D. M. (2016). Crisis on campus: eating disorder intervention from a

developmental-ecological perspective. Journal of American College Health, 64(3), 251-255.

 

 

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Simulation Technology

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Simulation technology has been transformative in nursing education. Through the use of simulation, nurses can repeatedly practice skills and gain clinical confidence in a risk-free environment. Simulation, however, is not just for health care professionals. How can nurses leverage simulation technology for patient and family education? Share your experiences and ideas for leveraging simulation technology for patient education.

 

SAMPLE ANSWER

Simulation technology has been critical in the nursing profession. The technology helped me throughout the time I was doing my associate nursing degree. The university I attended helped me to gain practical skills that gave me confidence when working with patients. The institution had a lab with all simulation technologies to help students present real-life situations and prepare them from the beautiful and stressful life in nursing profession. For example, my classmates and I were presented with a patient with the condition that we were to determine based on the signs and symptoms presented. Using the simulation technology, we were able to run a code that helped us to establish that the patient had a heart attack and the technology was so effective in reducing the risk of losing the patient. According to Foronda et al., (2017) it can increase student’s confidence and knowledge when caring for critical patients. Besides, it is estimated that simulation technology could eliminate about 50% of clinical time, without having any adverse effects on both patient care and learning outcomes (Hayden Padilha, Machado, Ribeiro, & Ramos, 2018).

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Patient education is also a critical element of simulation technology. Patients can benefit from simulation technology through education by helping them to understand clinical situations including, personal care, adherence to medication, and their outcome and wellbeing. Based on my experience when working with simulation technology, we were able to teach parents how to carry out CPR on their children during emergency.  We used a video about how CPR should be conducted on infants and asked them to explain and relay what they learned about performing CPR. It is therefore an excellent instructional strategy that can help nursing students to practice psychomotor skills, critical thinking, and clinical decision making without risking the life f a potential patient.

 

References

Foronda, C. L., Alfes, C. M., Dev, P., Kleinheksel, A. J., Nelson Jr, D. A., O’Donnell, J.

M., & Samosky, J. T. (2017). Virtually nursing: Emerging technologies in nursing education. Nurse Educator, 42(1), 14-17. doi: 10.1097/NNE.0000000000000295

Padilha, J. M., Machado, P. P., Ribeiro, A. L., & Ramos, J. L. (2018). Clinical virtual

simulation in nursing education. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 15, 13-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2017.09.005

 

 

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