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Telling the Story

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Telling the Story

Hector is a 35-year-old Hispanic male. Hector was seriously injured in an auto accident 5 months ago. He spent 4 months in the hospital. One leg and hip suffered permanent damage. He will probably always need a cane and walk with a limp. He also has limited mobility in his right arm and shoulder and cannot lift anything heavy.

Hector grew up in a family with a construction business. He has been working in construction since high school. Social work at the rehab hospital referred Hector to counseling because he is not adjusting well to his injuries. He is very depressed and angry because he cannot continue to work in his chosen occupation. Hector says, “What use am I now? I am the man in the family. I should be strong. I need to support the family. I don’t want my wife to work. I don’t know what I am going to do to make a living.”

Telling the Story

Hector still experiences severe pain in his shoulder and his leg. He spends a lot of time watching TV and drinking. At this point, he is not looking for work. His family has reached out to him but he avoids interaction with his siblings and his parents because they remind him of what he no longer can do. He feels shame when he is around family members because of his disability. His relationship with his wife is tense because he is often angry and withdrawn.

You are meeting with Hector for the first time and want to get the story.

As we meet with a new client we develop some hypotheses to explore, as well as listening to what the client says about himself.

Write a 750-1,000-word paper addressing the following:

1. What are some of primary issues that Hector is addressing?

2. What are some of Hector’s feelings?

3. What are Hector’s behaviors and how are these impacting his adjustment?

4. How might Hector’s cultural heritage be impacting his adjustment to his injury?

5. What are some beliefs that may be impacting Hector’s adjustment?

6. How might Hector’s family background be impacting his adjustment?

7. What might be some issues that will need to be addressed in counseling?

8. What are the stages of change the counselor will help Hector through? Provide a brief definition of each stage.

9. What steps can a counselor take to help Hector explore his problems?

10. Consider the following counselor skills: eye contact, closed and open-ended questions, paraphrasing and summarizing, reflection, body language, tone, listening, empathy, genuineness, unconditional positive regard, interpretation, tracking, reflecting emotion, active presence, structuring sessions, encouragement, questioning and clarifying, counselor self-awareness, tolerating intensity, validating, challenging, multicultural awareness/acceptance, probing and questioning, posture. Pick one skill and discuss how a counselor should use this in their sessions with Hector.

Include at three scholarly references in your paper. At least two resources should identify issues that need to be addressed when you are working with someone who is being rehabilitated from a serious injury.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

Telling the Story

 

SAMPLE ANSWER

  1. What are some of primary issues that Hector is addressing?

Hector is addressing various issues in his life as a result of the change that he has experienced as a result of the accident. The accident led to permanent damage as a result of the impact on the left and hip. Consequently, he is unable to walk properly unless he uses a cane. Also, his right arm’s motility was affected and this impairs his ability to lift heavy things. Furthermore, he still experiences pain on the shoulders as well as the leg. Therefore, the primary issues that he is experiencing are the body function impairment and this makes him angry and depressed. Depression, anxiety as well as other mental disorders are a common thing among people that have experienced any form of disability and therefore Hector is not an exception. (Noh et al, 2016).

  1. What are some of Hector’s feelings?

Hector also experiences feelings that are associated with the state of his life after the accident. He feels angry about life because he is unable to push through with what he would want to do as a career. Also, he feels helpless and consequently avoids interactions with family members as they make him realize that he can no longer do what he used to do. He also feels shame when he feels like he will be unable to cater for the needs of his family. He feels hopeless based on the fact that he asks “what use am I now?” which implies that he has lost hope and does not believe that something positive could be made out of the prevailing circumstances.

Telling the Story

  1. What are Hector’s behaviors and how are these impacting his adjustment?

Hector’s behaviors influence the adjustment that he has to make regarding his life. As a person with hips, legs, and arms that have been affected, he needs to do some exercises that may be helpful in one way or another. This will be useful alongside physiotherapy that will help Hector regain his mobility (Harvey, 2016). Also, interacting with people frequently will be an avenue to help him overcome the concerns and find new ways to cope with the challenges that life has presented to him. However, he does not want to interact with people and even his relatives and instead chooses to sit and watch TV all day and also indulge in drinking.

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  1. How might Hector’s cultural heritage be impacting his adjustment to his injury?

Adjustment to the new life is also greatly influenced by the culture of Hector. His belief that he needs to be strong and fend for his family seems to be something that is embedded in his culture. It comes out that he does not want his wife to work showing that it is a norm for the husband to work and fend for the family. This ideally should make him get the desire to work towards finding help and helping himself but is instead making him feel hopeless.

  1. What are some beliefs that may be impacting Hector’s adjustment?

The main belief that Hector has is that as the man of the family he needs to be strong and support his family. This makes him feel so hopeless because he is unable to do what he believes he should do.

Telling the Story

  1. How might Hector’s family background be impacting his adjustment?

Hector’s family background also has an impact on his adjustment. His family owns a construction family and he believe that it is what he should be doing but is unable to because of his predicament. Also, his family reminds him so much of the things that he is no longer able to do hence making his adjustment more difficult.

  1. What might be some issues that will need to be addressed in counseling?

During counseling, various issues will need to be addressed. The first issue is the acceptance of the disability and the need to have him understand that it is not an inability. Depression and anxiety will also be addressed as well as substance use since he spends time drinking.

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  1. What are the stages of change the counselor will help Hector through? Provide a brief definition of each stage.

Hector like other people will move through a series of stages namely pre-contemplation (PC), contemplation (C), preparation (PR), action (A), and maintenance (M). At the pre-contemplation stage, Hector will be unaware of the fact that his behavior has negative consequences. As he moves to contemplation, he will be gaining an understanding of what needs to be done and will show intentions to be done to improve the quality of life. The preparation stage is characterized by individuals being ready to take action and they make small steps towards behavior change. Action comes in when people start modifying their behaviors to adopt new and healthier ones and this is followed by maintenance.

Telling the Story

  1. What steps can a counselor take to help Hector explore his problems?

Hector will be helped through the pre-contemplation so that he can realize that not accepting the situation brings more harm to him. At contemplation, he will be helped to recognize that there are negative consequences that he needs to address. This will be achieved through various strategies such as motivational interviewing so that he can be helped to come up with solutions to his problem. He will also be helped through the preparation and action and he will ebb motivated to keep up with the strategies that are aimed at meeting the intended goals.

Telling the Story

  1. How a counselor should use empathy in their sessions with Hector.

Empathy is one of the skills that will be adopted in helping Hector find a solution to his problem. In order to help Hector through the process of recovery and acceptance as well as behavior change, the therapist will need to express empathy and be able to understand Hector’s issues, struggles as well as the barriers that he experiences in becoming better as this is a key element in helping him be freer (Dwyer et al, 2015). In conclusion, Hector is experiencing challenges coping with life after an accident that left him with a disability. Therapy will be beneficial in helping him make changes in his life and learn to cope with the challenges that the disabilities present.

 

References

Dwyer, L., Parkin-Smith, G. F., Brantingham, J. W., Korporaal, C., Cassa, T. K., Globe, G., … &

Tong, V. (2015). Manual and manipulative therapy in addition to rehabilitation for osteoarthritis of the knee: assessor-blind randomized pilot trial. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 38(1), 1-21. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2014.10.002

Harvey, L. A. (2016). Physiotherapy rehabilitation for people with spinal cord injuries. Journal

of Physiotherapy, 62(1), 4-11. doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2015.11.004

Noh, J. W., Kwon, Y. D., Park, J., Oh, I. H., & Kim, J. (2016). Relationship between Physical

Disability and Depression by Gender: A Panel Regression Model. PloS one, 11(11), e0166238. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166238

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Vargas Family Case Study Fourth Session

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Vargas Family Case Study Fourth Session

Read “Topic 4: Vargas Family Case Study.” Write a 750-1,000-word paper in which you demonstrate how therapists apply structural family therapy theory to analyze the presenting problems and choose appropriate interventions.

Be sure to answer the following questions in your paper:

1. What are two current presenting problems for the Vargas family?

2. How are the problems maintained according to the structural family therapy perspective?

3. What structural interventions would you plan to use in your next session? (identify and describe your plan for two interventions)

4. What is the role of the counselor in the change process according to the structural family therapy perspective?

Cite at least three academic sources (peer-reviewed journal articles, books, etc.).

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

 

SAMPLE ANSWER

Vargas Family Case Study Fourth Session

Structural family therapy is a form of treatment that focuses on patterns of interaction that cause problems within a family (Fisher, 2017). Structural family therapy (SFT) focuses on improving communication and interactions in the family and highlighting boundaries that would result in a healthier family structure. After having sessions with the family and observing how they communicate and interact with each other, the therapist should then draw a chart of the family’s structure. The chart is used to identify hierarchy, sub relationships and boundaries within the family unit. Additionally, the chart helps the therapist identify interventions that will help improve the situation (Fisher, 2017). According to SFT, the root cause of many childhood problems originates within the family unit. Therefore, to successfully transform a child’s behavior, a therapist must first help change the family and its dynamics.

Current Presenting Problems for the Vargas Family

A fourth session with the Vargas family has highlighted several problems. Bob and Elizabeth are still not communicating effectively when it comes to Frank and how to handle his behavior. After arriving separately to the session, Elizabeth is clearly upset when she learns that instead of Bob taking Frank to work, he takes him out for ice cream and a movie. Additionally, Bob does not believe that Frank’s suspension from school was valid. Furthermore, he thinks that Elizabeth is overacting and Frank’s behavior is normal. There is also a clear division within the family’s dynamics. Elizabeth and Heidi are on one side with Bob and Frank on the opposite side. Frank is more comfortable with his farther and believes that his mother gets angry easily. Heidi on the other hand, gravitates towards her mother and prefers sitting next to her. Despite Heidi’s stellar performance in school, more attention is still given to Frank and his behavior. As a result, Heidi feels left out. Lastly, Bob and Elizabeth are still divided on Frank’s behavior and whether there is something wrong with it.

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How the Problems are Maintained according to the Structural Family Therapy Perspective

According to structural family therapy, problems in the family are maintained by dysfunctional family organizations. Every family is organized into subsystems that have boundaries used to control interactions between family members (Jimenez et al. 2019). The family subsystems are further divided into several categories including spousal, parental, sibling and extended categories. Every family member has a specific role to play in each subsystem. Likewise, every subsystem has unique tasks and when one subsystem intrudes on another, it results in structural difficulties. In the case of the Vargas family, Frank belonging to the sibling category, through his bad behavior is intruding into his parents’ relationship altering the family structure. Additionally, problems are caused when the family’s communication patterns are altered (Jimenez et al. 2019). The Vargas family has clear breakdowns in their communication patterns. Bob takes Frank out on a fun day despite Elizabeth’s instructions not to do so. Likewise, Bob instructs Frank to keep the trip a secret from his mother. When Heidi tries to tell his parents about her achievements in school, she is practically ignored and all attention is directed towards Frank. Overall, a breakdown in the family structure and communication channels between the Vargas family members are the two main contributing factors to the family’s problems.

Vargas Family Case Study Fourth Session

Structural Interventions to be used

The mirroring activity is a fun exercise to help family members relate better with each other. The therapist begins by directing each individual to stand in front of them and copy everything they do or say. Essentially behaving like a mirror. This a fun activity especially for children as it helps them better communicate their emotions to the therapist (Ackerman, 2017). The activity requires family members to be attentive to each other, cooperate with each other and communicate with both their body language and their words. Additionally, the mirroring activity allows family members to be in tune with their feelings and with each other. It is effective with siblings and with parents.

Constructing a genogram helps the therapist and client identify patterns in the family’s genealogy and history and how they might have influenced their emotions and behaviors. A genogram is a graphic representation of the client’s family tree. It contains basic information including name and date of birth (Ackerman, 2017). It also contains additional information concerning chronic illnesses and social behaviors. By constructing a genogram, clients are able to analyze their relationships and determine whether there is abuse or whether the relationships are built on love and understanding.

Role of the Counselor in the Change Process

According to the structural family therapy perspective, the counselor’s main role is to modify the family’s dynamics and way of interacting to develop appropriate boundaries and effective family structures (Williams, Foye & Lewis, 2016). To effect change, counselors should be actively involved in the therapy session, map out the family’s underlying structure and identify potential avenues for change. Additionally, therapists should implement interventions that will change ineffective family structures to ensure healthy functioning.

 

References

Ackerman, C. (2017). What is Family Therapy? +6 Techniques & Interventions. PositivePsychology.com. Retrieved from https://positivepsychology.com/family-therapy/

Fisher, U. (2017). Use of Structural Family Therapy with an Individual Client Diagnosed with Intermittent Explosive Disorder: A Case Study. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 28(2), 150-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/08975353.2017.1288989

Jimenez, L., Hidalgo, V., Baena, S., Leon, A. & Lorence, B. (2019). Effectiveness of Structural-Strategic Family Therapy in the Treatment of Adolescents with Mental Health Problems and their Families. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(7), 1255. Doi: 10.3390/ijerph16071255

Williams, N.D., Foye, A. & Lewis, F. (2016). Applying Structural Family Therapy in the Changing Context of the Modern African American Single Mother. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 28(1), 30-47. Doi: 10.1080/08952833.2015.1130547

 

 

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Evidence Based Practice Guidelines for Otitis Media

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Evidence Based Practice Guidelines for Otitis Media

Assignment: Analysis of Current Evidence Based Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of OM

 

First, carefully review the case. Then, using the Internet, find a current (no older than 4 years old) relevant evidence based practice guideline for the treatment of otitis media for this particular pediatric patient.

Make sure to address the following in your paper:

  • Briefly explain your search strategy. For example, how did you find the correct guideline?
  • Who developed the guideline?
  • Is this a revision of a previous guideline or an original? What is the date of publication?
  • Explain the concept of “systematic review of current best evidence.”
  • How was conflict of interest managed in the development of these guidelines?
  • How is quality of evidence defined?
  • Explain differences among strong recommendation, recommendation, and option
  • What are “key Action statements?”
  • For this particular child, what are the specific treatment recommendations including any diagnostics, medications (include exact dosage, frequency, length of treatment), follow-up, referral, prevention, and pain control.

Case:

A 5-year-old male is brought to the primary care clinic by his mother with a chief complaint of bilateral ear pain for the last three days. The mother states that the child has been crying frequently due to the pain. Ibuprofen has provided minimal relief. This morning, the child refused breakfast and appeared to be “getting worse.”

Vital signs at the clinic reveal HR 110 bpm, 28 respiratory rate, and tympanic temperature of 103.2 degrees F. The mother reports no known allergies. The child has not been on antibiotics for the last year. The child does not have history of OM. The child is otherwise healthy without any other known health problems.

After your questioning and examination, you diagnose this child with bilateral Acute Otitis Media.

 

SAMPLE ANSWER

Evidence Based Practice Guidelines for Otitis Media

            The research strategy involved searching for content relevant to the subject in the various online journal databases. In the research, I used key words related to the condition, which yielded some results. Furthermore, I also added various filters when conducting the research to ensure that the guideline met a certain criterion. These filters included year of publication and needed to be peer reviewed.

Evidence Based Practice Guidelines for Otitis Media

The guideline is developed by the American Academy of Otolaryngology, The American Foundation of Pediatrics, Head, and Neck Surgery Foundation, and the American Academy of Family Physicians. Various researchers and medical practitioners are involved in the development of the guide. This involved include medical practitioners who may be involved in the treatment of Otitis media. Furthermore, the guideline is a revision of a guideline that was developed by the same organizations in 2004. The article was published on February 1, 2016, and it provides evidence-based recommendations for the management and treatment of otitis media (Rosenfeld et al., 2016).

The concept of systematic review of the current best practice applies in the context of the guideline. A systematic review includes a summarization of the results of carefully designed controlled trials or healthcare studies. Furthermore, they provide a high level of evidence regarding the effectiveness of the healthcare interventions that are used (Harmes et al., 2013). The researchers make judgments regarding the interventions and the outcomes, thus informing their recommendations. The changes that the researchers incorporated in the guideline included 20 new systematic reviews, evidence clinical practice guidelines, and 49 randomized control trials (Rosenfeld et al., 2016). Therefore, one can see the applicability of the concept of systematic review of current best practice, whereby the researchers combined the findings of various evidence based studies to recommend updated practices for addressing the problem.

Evidence Based Practice Guidelines for Otitis Media

To manage conflicts of interest, various strategies were employed. One of these was ensuring that the AAO-HNSF fully funded the entire research project. This ensured that no individual company or organization that may benefit from the research influenced it (Rosenfeld et al., 2016). Furthermore, the potential conflicts of interest for the various members who were involved in the research were compiled. After a review of the potential conflicts of interest, the panel set some conditions for the individuals who had conflicts of interest to remain in team. These included recusing themselves from discussions related to the areas that have conflict of interest, agreeing not discuss aspects related to the guideline to industry players before its publication, and ensuring that personal experiences of the panelists does not cause conflict of interest (Rosenfeld et al., 2016).

Quality of evidence may be described as the confidence that the estimates that are reported are sufficient to support specific recommendations. The quality of evidence can be described as high, moderate, low, or very low based on grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations (GRADE) (Chonmaitree et al., 2016). High tends to have the best quality, while very low tends to have the least quality. Some of the key considerations when determining the quality of evidence include publication bias, imprecision, indirectness of evidence, risk of bias, inconsistency of results between different studies. In the guideline, these elements were considered to ensure that the quality of evidence was high.

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A strong recommendation implies that a review panel or committee believes that the benefits associated with the recommended approach exceed the harms of the same approach. Recommendation, on the other hand, means that the magnitude of the benefits is relatively small, or when benefits are there, by offset by other adverse consequences. Moreover, an option means that the evidence quality is suspicious, or the properly conducted studies have shown that there is little advantage of one approach over the other (Schilder et al., 2016).

For the particular child, one of the elements in the diagnosis is the symptoms. The child has been experiencing bilateral year pain during the last three days, which tends to be one of the symptoms for the condition. However, additional tests would be required to ascertain whether the child in indeed having the condition. One of these tests is otoscope, which involves looking into the child’s year and checking elements such as pus, redness, and swelling. A tympanometry test may also be conducted to determine the air pressure in the child’s eardrum. Furthermore, reflectometry may also be conducted to determine if the child has fluid in his years (Harmes et al., 2013). Treating the condition may include observation or antibiotic therapy. Studies have shown that two in every three children may heal without using antibiotics. Furthermore, the American Academy of Physicians suggests not prescribing antibiotics for treating the condition for children aged between 2 and 12 years particularly if their symptoms are not severe (Rosenfeld et al., 2016).

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If observation does not work within 48 to 72 hours, it is imperative for the patient to take antibiotics. The first antibiotic that needs to be used is Amoxicillin, but if it does not work, Cefdinir can be used as an alternative. Furthermore, analgesics are also recommended for addressing symptoms such as irritability, fever, and year pain. The analgesics are particularly important for addressing the symptoms that can make parents alarmed. The recommended analgesics include acetaminophen and ibuprofen. Benzocaine can also be used. However, ibuprofen needs to be the fast option considering it is less toxic in the event of overdose and it has a longer duration (Rosenfeld et al., 2016).

Therefore, the selected article is an update of a 2004 guideline related to the diagnosis, management, and treatment of otitis media. The guideline is developed by the American Academy of Otolaryngology, The American Foundation of Pediatrics, Head, and Neck Surgery Foundation, and the American Academy of Family Physicians. It was published in 2016. To find the guideline, I searched online journal databases using the appropriate keywords and using filters to ensure that the article is timely and relevant. In the development of the guideline, the issue of conflicts of interest is thoroughly addressed. Furthermore, the researchers ensure that the quality of evidence is high. For the 5-year-old male, the first in his treatment is analyzing his symptoms. Thereafter, various tests need to be conducted to ascertain whether he is suffering from acute otitis media. These tests may include otoscope, tympanometry, and reflectometry. If the results are positive, the observation may be one of the interventions. However, if there are no improvements, antibiotics therapy can be used. Some of the antibiotics that can be used include amoxicillin and Cefdinir. Furthermore, analgesics also need to be used to alleviate some of the symptoms associated with acute otitis media such as fever and pain.

 

References

Chonmaitree, T., Trujillo, R., Jennings, K., Alvarez-Fernandez, P., Patel, J. A., Loeffelholz, M. J., … & McCormick, D. P. (2016). Acute otitis media and other complications of viral respiratory infection. Pediatrics, 137(4), e20153555.

Harmes, K. M., Blackwood, R. A., Burrows, H. L., Cooke, J. M., Van Harrison, R., & Passamani, P. P. (2013). Otitis media: diagnosis and treatment. Children, 100(8), 10.

Rosenfeld, R. M., Shin, J. J., Schwartz, S. R., Coggins, R., Gagnon, L., Hackell, J. M., … Corrigan, M. D. (2016). Clinical Practice Guideline: Otitis Media with Effusion (Update). Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, 154(1_suppl), S1–S41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599815623467

Schilder, A. G., Chonmaitree, T., Cripps, A. W., Rosenfeld, R. M., Casselbrant, M. L., Haggard, M. P., & Venekamp, R. P. (2016). Otitis media. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 2, 16063.

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The Future of Nursing

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The Future of Nursing

1. A two-page (500-word) paper that summarizes recommended changes for the future of nursing

 

a. Research the future of nursing.

 

What is meant by the future of nursing? Think about a topic of your choice that includes cultural implications. Describe the topic and include any references and citations you may have used.

 

b. Identify the major recommendations.

 

Identify two or three of the major strategies/recommendations for the future of nursing.

 

c. Explain key terms.

 

Describe how cultural sensitivity, cultural competency, and interprofessional collaboration could be addressed in the proposed changes.

 

SAMPLE ANSWER

The Future of Nursing

The future of nursing refers to how the nursing profession will be like in the years to come. For instance, the United States is currently focusing on improving nursing education to provide affordable, quality, and seamless care that can be easily accessed by all people(Institute of Medicine (US), 2011). The future of nursing is expected to provide improved and evidence-based care that will result in quality patient outcome. In the world today, challenges in healthcare have increased dramatically. Nursing still cares for patients relating to the education they attained in the 20th century. However, the training offered in the 20th century is not adequate in the 21st century when dealing with current health realities (Institute of Medicine (US), 2011). Patient care and needs environment have drastically become complex, and therefore, nurses need to acquire more education to improve their competencies to deliver high-quality care.

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Major Recommendations

Nurses should give care by utilizing their full training and education. Some nurses do not practice their full professional knowledge when providing care to the patients, which in turn reduces the quality of the patient outcome. Nurses should attain high education through an education system that is up to date to enhance seamless academic development. Also, nurses should incorporate inter-professional collaboration with other health professionals such as physicians to redesign healthcare sector.

Cultural sensitivity and competency must be considered for the proposed changes and recommendations to be effective. In cultural sensitivity, nurses should care for all the patients without discrimination. Nurses should understand and accept that cultural similarities and differences exist (Giger, 2016). Nurses should, therefore, enhance cultural competency by delivering healthcare services that are in line with the cultural and social values of the patients. Besides, inter-professional collaboration is one of the critical factors that can be utilized to meet the recommendations. Nurses should work as a team with other professions to enhance the sharing of knowledge and experience that can help improve the quality of care in the healthcare sector.

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References

Giger, J. N. (2016). Transcultural Nursing-E-Book: Assessment and Intervention. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Institute of Medicine (US). Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing. (2011). The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

 

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Economic principles in Decision Making

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Economic principles in Decision Making

Unit outcomes addressed in this Assignment: •Utilize economic principles in decision making. •Use planning and prioritization to achieve organizational goals. Course outcomes addressed in this Assignment: • Apply economic principles to health care decision making. • Achieve goals through planning and prioritization. Instructions: In this scenario you have been hired by the World Health Organization. As a leader in the organization you have been assigned to assess a small developing nation and determine the most cost effective public health solutions to improve overall health in the country. You need to select public health options that will allow you to help the most people. You have a budget of $700 million, you cannot divide services in half as a means of cutting cost and you cannot go over budget. Review an overview of the country as well as the available public health services using this document: •Economic Health Decision Making Data Requirements: •Use the Unit 5 Assignment Submission Template to indicate your selections and write your narrative. •A 500-800 word narrative explaining how you used planning and prioritization to make your decisions and reach your goal as well as which of the Unit 4 trainings you found most prepared you for this Assignment and why.

SAMPLE ANSWER

 

Service Cost Reason for Selection:
Basic health education and empowerment $120 million Focusing on interactive group education on health factors such as nutrition and family planning, is critical in promoting health, especially in a developing nation.
vaccination $50 million Administering vaccines will mostly focus on children and pregnant women. This is necessary for the prevention infectious diseases.
basic sanitation and supply of clean water $130 million In such a developing nation, poor hygiene and inadequacy of clean water has a significant impact on the general health of the people, hence the need for supply of clean, purified water.
Access to antibiotics $50 million As a developing nation, the need for antibiotics is high and with this amount, it would be possible to provide adequate antibiotics to treat infections.
Disease detection $75 million Health promotion will be more natural if the country develops the necessary measures to monitor the outbreak and spread of infections.
Maternal and childcare $50 million As mothers and children are most affected in this country, setting aside such an amount is essential to provide necessary care to reduce morbidity and mortality rates
Control of communicable diseases $50  million This service will be beneficial in preventing the spread of infectious diseases such as measles and hepatitis, considering that such diseases significantly contribute to increased death rates.
Vector control $25 million Vector control will assist in the elimination of diseases causing insects.
Properly equipping the health centers $ 100 million Community health centers will be equipped with necessary tools and adequately staffed to provide quality care and improve general wellbeing of the citizens.
Training programs $50 million Training programs should be developed to efficiently train future health providers and equip them with necessary skills to provide quality care.

 

 

Service Cost Reason Not Selected:
Developing more health center $350 million As the country is still developing, there is still a need for advanced health facilities. However, this would be challenging to implement due to the costs involved.
Screening services $300 million For diseases that require advanced screening and tests, it might be challenging to achieve this due to the funds required as well as the equipment.
Development of infrastructure $100 million Timely access to health facilities is significantly affected by poorly developed roads. However, to develop better transport systems, the organization might be forced to work with the authorities. Road building is expensive and is not under the control of health sector policymakers.

 

Narrative

Planning and priority setting in healthcare are necessary since resources will always be limited, hence the need for prioritization. In the given case, a budget of $700million was provided to improve health provision in a small developing nation and the choices to invest in a particular service reflects the society’s values and visions for the health systems. Considering the setting of a developing nation, the principle decisions to focus on areas such as health education and maternal health care over other services were made after a situational analysis.

Economic principles in Decision Making

By incorporating planning and prioritization in the decision-making process, the aim was to select and address the most critical health issues among different options. However, essential issues of health in this case may not be viewed with the same weight as those of people in developed countries. In such countries health targets are achieved by emphasizing on healthy lifestyles and disease minimization through supportive environment. In this case, though, factors such as water purification and sanitation were prioritized as well as individual involvement in health provision. Further, other areas of focus like nutritional education and vaccination are prioritized over other health issues like cancer screening. Planning and priority-setting was used based on the most affected population and the most common health issues affecting the population in question. However, this was not just focused on prioritizing the health problems, but also the possible intervention

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Among the different options available for health investment, the priorities selected were influenced by various factors besides the limited financial resources. Such choices were influenced by the general distribution of resources as a response to population needs and demands. For instance, in such developing country, health promotion must  begin from the basics of general health education such as hygiene, before implementing more advanced care. As such, while other areas of health providers such as setting up of new health facilities might be regarded important, effectiveness can only be attained if the citizens are also trained on personal health. This would assist in preventing overcrowding in those health centers and unnecessary hospital visits. The priorities were also influenced by the need to reduce the high mortality rates that were attributed to lack of vaccination, antibiotics, and antenatal care. Further, the priority setting in selecting health interventions was based on the options that would achieve high health standards and maximization as required by WHO, reduce health inequalities, as well as financial protection.

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In the previous unit, financial management was identified as  a critical factor when it comes to health provision and proper budgeting. In this case, health provision must take into consideration all-round factors ranging from development of health facilities, provision of cost-effective medication, and holistic care. As cost is an essential factor of health provision, focusing on health improvement in such  developing nation would require effective planning and prioritizing essential services to the most affected groups. As such, issues such as immunization and vaccination to prevent communicable diseases as well as provision of health education to the general public must be addressed first.

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